Optimization of Shingled-Type Lightweight Glass-Free Solar Modules for Building Integrated Photovoltaics
1
Green Energy & Nano Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, Korea
2
Photovoltaic R&D Center, Solbigtech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61012, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 5011; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105011
Submission received: 19 April 2022
/
Revised: 4 May 2022
/
Accepted: 13 May 2022
/
Published: 16 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from GPVC Conferences)
Download keyboard_arrow_down
Figure 1
<p>Schematic of the shingled-type cell-to-string structures and fabrication process.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schematic of the shingled-type lightweight glass-free solar module.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photo images of the front and rear sides of the separated cells and (<b>b</b>) the conversion power distribution of 20 separated cells. Inset: I-V curve of a champion cell.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photographic and (<b>b</b>) electroluminescence images of shingled-type strings. (<b>c</b>) Fill factors and conversion powers with varying amounts of dispensed ECA. (<b>d</b>) P<sub>M</sub> distribution of 15 shingled-type strings. Inset: I-V curve of a shingled-type string.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photograph, (<b>b</b>) electroluminescence images, and (<b>c</b>) I-V curve of the shingled-type lightweight PV module.</p> ">
Review Reports
Versions Notes
<p>Schematic of the shingled-type cell-to-string structures and fabrication process.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schematic of the shingled-type lightweight glass-free solar module.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photo images of the front and rear sides of the separated cells and (<b>b</b>) the conversion power distribution of 20 separated cells. Inset: I-V curve of a champion cell.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photographic and (<b>b</b>) electroluminescence images of shingled-type strings. (<b>c</b>) Fill factors and conversion powers with varying amounts of dispensed ECA. (<b>d</b>) P<sub>M</sub> distribution of 15 shingled-type strings. Inset: I-V curve of a shingled-type string.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photograph, (<b>b</b>) electroluminescence images, and (<b>c</b>) I-V curve of the shingled-type lightweight PV module.</p> ">
Abstract
:High-power and lightweight photovoltaic (PV) modules are suitable for building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Due to the characteristics of the installation sites, the BIPV solar modules are limited by weight and installation area. In this study, we fabricated glass-free and shingled-type PV modules with an area of 1040 mm × 965 mm, which provide more conversion power compared to conventional PV modules at the same installed area. Further, we employed an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene sheet instead of a front cover glass and added an Al honeycomb sandwich structure to enhance the mechanical stability of lightweight PV modules. To optimize the conversion power of the PV module, we adjusted the amount of dispensed electrically conductive adhesives between the solar cells. Finally, we achieved a conversion power of 195.84 W at an area of 1.004 m2, and we performed standard reliability tests using a PV module that weighed only 9 kg/m2.
1. Introduction
Renewable energy generation technologies have been continuously developed owing to concerns related to the environment and energy independence. The rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) technology compared to other renewables has led to numerous studies on this topic [1,2]. As part of these studies, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems play an essential role in generating electricity [3]. Recently, the BIPV market has been estimated to grow by approximately 40% per year from 2018 to 2026 [4]. In the case of BIPV, there are two limiting factors regarding the weight and installation area of the module to be installed [1,2]. To solve these problems, it is necessary to study the design of high-power and lightweight c-Si PV modules for BIPV systems.
Generally, glass is most commonly used for the front and rear covers in BIPV because it is a highly transparent, mechanically stable, and sustainable material that is familiar within the building industry. However, the weight of conventional PV modules with c-Si solar cells, ranging from 12 to 16 kg/m2 for glass-backsheet modules and from 16 to 20 kg/m2 for glass-glass modules, limits their usage on roofs or facades of buildings [5,6]. Modules with a non-glass cover include a polymer such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), which are typically used for lightweight applications such as roofs and facades of buildings [7,8,9,10]. Although the lightweight PV module is very attractive, it is not yet applicable to BIPV owing to reliability and low module stiffness issues. The thin polymer sheet used to substitute the glass does not completely protect the solar cells owing to its low mechanical stability.
Recently, many researchers have investigated the enhancement of the mechanical stability of lightweight PV modules for BIPV systems [7,10,11,12,13]. Martins et al. employed an Al honeycomb sandwich structure at the rear of lightweight and mechanically stable c-Si PV modules [12,13]. This glass-free and lightweight PV module architecture exhibited enhanced mechanical stability and reliability. However, conversion power enhancement of lightweight PV modules for BIPV systems has not yet been studied. In this study, we combined a shingled-type PV design for high-power conversion and glass-free lightweight module with an Al honeycomb sandwich structure on the rear side. The shingled-type c-Si PV module has a larger active area compared to the conventional PV module [14,15,16,17,18]. Because serially connected shingled-type strings do not have a busbar electrode on the front side this design increases the module power for the same installed area used in conventional PV modules. In our previous work, we fabricated an 1100 mm × 1980 mm shingled-type c-Si PV module and performed conversion power and standard reliability tests [15]. Based on the combination of a shingled-type design and an Al honeycomb sandwich structure, we fabricated a high-power, lightweight c-Si PV module and analyzed the electrical properties and reliability of the PV modules.
2. Materials and Methods
Figure 1 shows a schematic of the shingled cell-to-string fabrication process. To prepare the separated cells, we divided a M2-size c-Si solar cell (156.85 mm × 156.85 mm, Shingled patterned p-PERC cell, Shinsung E&G, Seongnam, Korea) into five equal pieces to make a shingled string using the laser scribing process. We scribed the solar cells using a nanosecond laser (532 nm, 50 kHz, 20 ns, 10 W, Coherent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and then broke them mechanically. The separated cells were assembled using electrically conductive adhesives (ECA, XCA-8311, Hankel, Dusseldorf, Germany). We dispensed the ECA on top of the front busbar electrode and connected the back electrode of the next separated cell to create a shingled string structure. An ECA curing temperature of 140 °C was used to assemble the separated cells.
Figure 2 shows a schematic of the shingled-type lightweight glass-free solar module for BIPV applications with a description of all the constituent layers. We used ETFE (150 μm, Jolywood, Suzhou, China) film as the front sheet and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA, 450 μm, SVECK, Jiangsu, China) as adhesives. The Al honeycomb sandwich structure was fabricated using glass fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP, FR-4, Keunyung industrial, Seoul, Korea)/Al honeycomb core (10 mm, Hongseong Industrial, Seoul, Korea)/Al plate (1 mm, POSCO, Pohang, Korea) with EVA adhesives. We used a lamination system (BSL2222OC, Boostsolar, Qinhuangdao, China) to laminate the shingled-type PV module with an Al honeycomb sandwich structure at 140 °C for 660 s. An electroluminescence (EL) system (Portable EL, 600 W, TNE TECH, Cheongju, Korea) was used to analyze the damage to the shingled strings and modules. The PV cells and modules were measured using a solar simulator (WXS-155S-L2, WACOM, Gajo, Japan) and an I-V analyzer (DKSCT-3T, DENKEN, Yufu, Japan) for AM 1.5 G (100 mW/m2) illumination. For the reliability test of the PV modules, we performed a temperature cycle 200 test (TC 200, SEC-4100, ALISTA, Victoria, Australia), damp heat 1000 tests (DH 1000, condensing chamber, ALISTA), mechanical load 2400 tests (ML 2400) in IEC 61215 standards. In the TC 200 test, we applied the maximum power current between −40 °C and 85 °C and repeated 200 cycles with a constant temperature change to measure the power reduction rate. In the DH 1000 test, we measured the power reduction rate before and after the test after 1000 h in an environment of a temperature of 85 °C and a relative humidity of 85%. In the ML 2400 test, we measured the power reduction rate before and after the test after applying a load with 2400 Pa on the front and rear of the module.
3. Results & Discussion
The images in Figure 3a depict the front and rear of the separated cells obtained using laser scribing. Figure 3b shows the conversion power (PM) distribution of 20 separated cells. The average PM of the separated cells was 1.014 ± 0.01 W. The inset of Figure 3b shows the I-V curve of a champion cell. The value of the PM decreased about 1.7% compared to the value of the PM without electrical losses. This phenomenon is expected to reduce the PM due to laser scribing damage [15]. To minimize PM loss, we will optimize the laser scribing process. Next, we fabricated 17 connected shingled strings using the ECA dispensing and curing process. Because of the top of the front busbar electrode and the back electrode of the next separated cell, there is no busbar electrode on the top of the shingled string, as shown in Figure 4a. Therefore, shingled-type PV modules exhibit a larger PM than conventional PV modules in the same installation area. To analyze the damage to the shingled strings, we measured the EL images with an applied current injection of 0.9 A in Figure 4b. The EL image shows the absence of critical cracks and damage in the interconnection process.
To optimize the conversion power of the shingled-type strings, we adjusted the amount of dispensed ECA. In our previous work, a 0.17 mm overlap width between the top and bottom separated cells for the interconnection was found to yield the best PM [15]. The amount of dispensed ECA was adjusted by the rounds per minute (RPM) control of the dispenser to optimize the PM of the strings. When the RPM of the dispenser was 100, 120, and 140, the dispensed amounts of ECA were 16, 24.8, and 32.4 mg, respectively. We found that the fill factor and PM values of the string were optimized when the dispensed amount of ECA was 24.8 mg in Figure 4c. The cells interconnected with ECA formed a circuit in which two shingle-diode models representing the separated cell were connected in series [19]. Consequently, the serial resistance of the ECA interconnection was added to the shingled strings, making it a critical factor for optimizing the PM. Figure 4d shows the PM distribution of 15 shingled-type strings. The average PM of shingled-type strings was 16.64 ± 0.57 W. The inset of Figure 4d shows the I-V curve of a shingled-type string. Compare with the I-V curve of separated cell in Figure 3b, the value of short circuit current (ISC) and fill factor (FF) decreased by approximately 0.11 A and 0.009. The value of the PM decreased about 4.5% compared to the value of the PM without electrical and optical losses. In case of conventional PV modules with metallic wire interconnections, the PM reduction rate is about 4.8% [20].
We fabricated a 1040 mm × 965 mm shingled-type PV module with an Al honeycomb structure using 17 interconnected strings, as shown in Figure 5a. We measured EL images with an applied current injection of 3 A to analyze the damage to the PV module, as shown in Figure 5b. The EL image demonstrates the absence of critical cracks or damages during the fabrication of the shingle-type PV module with an Al honeycomb structure. Figure 5c shows the I-V curves of the shingle-type PV module. We achieved a PM of 195.84 W at an area of 1.004 m2 and solar-to-power conversion efficiency of 19.5% for the best PV module. In our shingled-type PV module, we used 12 string arrays with 204 pieces of separated cells. In the 1 m2 area, we integrated approximately 40.8 M2-size Si solar cells, i.e., 4.8 solar cells more than a conventional PV module. Moreover, the weight of the PV module with the Al honeycomb structure was only 9 kg/m2, which is 25% lighter than that of the glass-backsheet PV module.
Finally, we performed ML 2400, DH 1000, and TC 200 for standard reliability tests of lightweight shingled-type PV modules under IEC 61215. We verified the durability of the fabricated lightweight shingled-type PV modules from these tests. Table 1 shows the changes in module performance before and after the standard reliability tests. After ML 2400, we confirmed that the decrease in the FF value was the cause of the reduction of the conversion power of the PV module. This result shows a phenomenon caused by cracks or damage occurring during the ML test [21].
On the other hand, the ISC value decreases after the DH 1000 and TC 200 tests. The mechanisms for degradation of conversion power during damp heat exposure are attributed as follows: (1) delamination among the encapsulation polymer and the solar cells or front/back covers due to adhesion loss, (2) grid corrosion due to the by-product such as acetic acid. Moisture is well known to cause problems with polymers and adhesions. Unfortunately, EVA has a high moisture absorption rate and poor stability in a humid environment [22]. Moreover, absorbed moisture by EVA adhesive can generate a by-product of acetic acid and increase the series resistance due to grid corrosion [23]. The decrease in the ISC value after the TC 200 test was caused by discoloration of PV module. Wohlgemuth et al. analyzed the I-V measurement after conducting the thermal cycling test, and found that PM decreased due to the decrease of ISC [24]. They concluded that transmittance decreases due to the change in color of EVA after thermal cycling, resulting in a decrease in current. In the result, the reductions in the conversion powers of the lightweight shingled-type PV modules were less than five percent after the standard reliability tests.
4. Conclusions
In summary, we fabricated a lightweight shingled-type PV module with an ETFE front sheet and an Al honeycomb structure. The ETFE film replaced the front cover glass to reduce the module weight, and an Al honeycomb structure was used instead of the front glass to improve the mechanical rigidity. To enhance the PM of the PV module, we integrated 12 string arrays with 40.8 M2-size Si solar cells. In our lightweight shingled-type PV module, 4.8 M2-size Si solar cells were more integrated compared to the optimized conventional PV module at the same area. Moreover, we adjusted the amount of dispensed ECA to optimize its performance. The lightweight shingled-type PV module had a PM of 195.84 W at a 1.004 m2 area and weighed only 9 kg/m2. Finally, we performed standard reliability tests to verify the durability of lightweight shingled-type PV modules. The conversion power reduction of the PV modules were less than five percent.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.-J.P.; methodology, M.-J.P. and S.Y.; data curation, M.-J.P., S.H.L. and K.J. writing—original draft preparation, M.-J.P.; writing—review and editing, M.-J.P. and C.J.; supervision, C.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the International Energy Joint R&D Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP). The authors also acknowledge financial resources granted by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea. (No. 20203030010200).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Kuhn, E.T.; Erban, C.; Heinrich, M.; Eisenlohr, J.; Ensslen, F.; Neuhaus, D.H. Review of technological design options for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Energy Build. 2021, 231, 110381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biyik, E.; Araz, M.; Hepbasli, A.; Shahrestani, M.; Yao, R.; Shao, L.; Essah, E.; Oliveira, A.C.; Caño, T.; Rico, E.; et al. A key review of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 2017, 20, 833–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Wang, R.Z. Building integrated energy storage opportunities in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 6191–6211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballif, C.; Perret-Aebi, L.; Lufkin, S.; Rey, E. Integrated thinking for photovoltaics in buildings. Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 438–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reese, M.O.; Glynn, S.; Kempe, M.D.; McGott, D.L.; Dabney, M.S.; Barnes, T.M.; Booth, S.; Feldman, D.; Haegel, N.M. Increasing markets and decreasing package weight for high-specific-power photovoltaics. Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 1002–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nussbaumer, H.; Klenk, M.; Keller, N. Small unit compound modules: A new approach for light weight PV modules. In Proceedings of the 32nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Munich, Germany, 20–24 June 2016; pp. 56–60. [Google Scholar]
- Bittmann, E.; Mayer, O.; Zettl, M.; Stern, O. Low Concentration PV with Polycarbonate. In Proceedings of the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Valencia, Spain, 1–5 September 2018; pp. 537–539. [Google Scholar]
- Drabczyk, K.; Sobik, P.; Starowicz, Z.; Gawlińska, K.; Pluta, A.; Drabczyk, B. Study of lamination quality of solar modules with PMMA front layer. Microelectron. Int. 2019, 36, 100–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oreski, G.; Eder, G.C.; Voronko, Y.; Omazic, A.; Neumaier, L.; Mühleisen, W.; Ujvari, G.; Ebner, R.; Edler, M. Performance of PV modules using co-extruded backsheets based on polypropylene. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2021, 223, 110976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kajisa, T.; Miyauchi, H.; Mizuhara, K.; Hayashi, H.; Tokimitsu, T.; Inoue, M.; Hara, K.; Masuda, A. Novel lighter weight crystalline silicon photovoltaic module using acrylic-film as a cover sheet. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2014, 53, 092302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nussbaumer, H.; Klenk, M.; Keller, N.; Ammann, P.; Thurnheer, J. Record-light weight c-Si modules based on the small unit compound approach mechanical load tests and general results. In Proceedings of the 33rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 25–29 September 2017; pp. 146–150. [Google Scholar]
- Martins, A.C.; Chapuis, V.; Sculati-Meillaud, F.; Virtuani, A.; Ballif, C. Light and durable: Composite structures for building-integrated photovoltaic modules. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2018, 26, 718–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martins, A.C.; Chapuis, V.; Virtuani, A.; Li, H.; Perret-Aebi, L.; Ballif, C. Thermo-mechanical stability of lightweight glass-free photovoltaic modules based on a composite substrate. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 187, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dickson, D.C.; Heights, P. Photo-Voltaic Semiconductor Apparatus or the Like. U.S. Patent 2938938, 31 May 1960. [Google Scholar]
- Park, M.; Song, J.; Jee, H.; Moon, D.; Jeong, C.; Jee, H. Improvement in the power of shingled-type photovoltaic module by control of the overlapped width. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 2020, 77, 1040–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Springer, M.; Bosco, N. Linear viscoelastic characterization of electrically conductive adhesives used as interconnect in photovoltaic modules. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2020, 28, 659–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jee, H.; Lee, S.; Jeong, C.; Lee, J. Electrically conductive adhesives and the shingled array cell for high density modules. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2019, 19, 1360–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rabanal-Arabach, J.; Rudolph, D.; Ullmann, I.; Halm, A.; Schneider, A.; Fischer, T. Cell-to-module conversion loss simulation for shingled-cell concept. In Proceedings of the 33rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 25–29 September 2017; pp. 178–182. [Google Scholar]
- Park, J.; Oh, W.; Park, H.; Jeong, C.; Choi, B.; Lee, J. Analysis of solar cells interconnected by electrically conductive adhesives for high-density photovoltaic modules. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 484, 732–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haedrich, I.; Eitner, U.; Wiese, M.; Wirth, H. Unified methodology for determining CTM ratios: Systematic prediction of module power. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014, 131, 14–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wohlgemuth, J.H.; Kurtz, S. Reliability testing beyond qualification as a key component in photovoltaic’s progress toward grid parity. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium, Monterey, CA, USA, 10–14 April 2011; pp. 5E.3.1–5E.3.6. [Google Scholar]
- Mclntosch, K.R.; Powell, N.E.; Norris, A.W.; Cotsell, J.N.; Ketola, B.M. The effect of damp-heat and UV aging tests on the optical properties of silicone and EVA encapsulants. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2011, 19, 294–300. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, X.-M.; Zhang, J.; Li, D.-R.; Chen, S.J. Effect of damp-heat aging on the structures and properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers with different vinyl acetate contents. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 112, 2358–2365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wohlgemuth, J.H.; Petersen, R.C. Reliability of EVA modules. In Proceedings of the 23th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Louisville, KY, USA, 10–14 May 1993; pp. 1090–1094. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1.
Schematic of the shingled-type cell-to-string structures and fabrication process.
Figure 2.
Schematic of the shingled-type lightweight glass-free solar module.
Figure 3.
(a) Photo images of the front and rear sides of the separated cells and (b) the conversion power distribution of 20 separated cells. Inset: I-V curve of a champion cell.
Figure 3.
(a) Photo images of the front and rear sides of the separated cells and (b) the conversion power distribution of 20 separated cells. Inset: I-V curve of a champion cell.
Figure 4.
(a) Photographic and (b) electroluminescence images of shingled-type strings. (c) Fill factors and conversion powers with varying amounts of dispensed ECA. (d) PM distribution of 15 shingled-type strings. Inset: I-V curve of a shingled-type string.
Figure 4.
(a) Photographic and (b) electroluminescence images of shingled-type strings. (c) Fill factors and conversion powers with varying amounts of dispensed ECA. (d) PM distribution of 15 shingled-type strings. Inset: I-V curve of a shingled-type string.
Figure 5.
(a) Photograph, (b) electroluminescence images, and (c) I-V curve of the shingled-type lightweight PV module.
Figure 5.
(a) Photograph, (b) electroluminescence images, and (c) I-V curve of the shingled-type lightweight PV module.
Table 1.
Result of standard reliability tests of lightweight shingled-type PV modules under IEC 61215 viz. mechanical load 2400, damp heat 1000 and temperature cycling 200 tests.
Table 1.
Result of standard reliability tests of lightweight shingled-type PV modules under IEC 61215 viz. mechanical load 2400, damp heat 1000 and temperature cycling 200 tests.
| ML 2400 | DH 1000 | TC 200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Test | After Test | Before Test | After Test | Before Test | After Test | |
| VOC (V) | 21.50 | 21.49 | 21.63 | 21.59 | 21.79 | 21.76 |
| ISC (A) | 10.71 | 10.74 | 10.99 | 10.84 | 11.04 | 10.88 |
| FF | 0.717 | 0.706 | 0.748 | 0.744 | 0.753 | 0.743 |
| PM (W) | 165.09 | 162.88 | 177.78 | 174.23 | 181.14 | 175.78 |
| PM loss | 1.34% | 2.00% | 2.96% | |||
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Park, M.-J.; Youn, S.; Jeon, K.; Lee, S.H.; Jeong, C. Optimization of Shingled-Type Lightweight Glass-Free Solar Modules for Building Integrated Photovoltaics. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 5011. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105011
AMA Style
Park M-J, Youn S, Jeon K, Lee SH, Jeong C. Optimization of Shingled-Type Lightweight Glass-Free Solar Modules for Building Integrated Photovoltaics. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(10):5011. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105011
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Min-Joon, Sungmin Youn, Kiseok Jeon, Soo Ho Lee, and Chaehwan Jeong. 2022. "Optimization of Shingled-Type Lightweight Glass-Free Solar Modules for Building Integrated Photovoltaics" Applied Sciences 12, no. 10: 5011. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105011
APA StylePark, M.-J., Youn, S., Jeon, K., Lee, S. H., & Jeong, C. (2022). Optimization of Shingled-Type Lightweight Glass-Free Solar Modules for Building Integrated Photovoltaics. Applied Sciences, 12(10), 5011. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105011
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.