Data Immunity in Near Field Radio Frequency Communication Systems—NFC as an Aspect of Electromagnetic Information Security
<p>Sample diagram of an access control system.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Single-zone controller—one door, entrance and exit.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Universal reader—LF-band RFID and HF-band RFID.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Example TAGS identifiers: (<b>a</b>) RFID card, (<b>b</b>) key ring, (<b>c</b>) sticker.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Structure of data stored in the identifier layout (NTAG213).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Manchester coding.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Measuring system for determining the minimum value of the magnetic field strength necessary for the ID to operate.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Universal LF-band RFID and HF-band RFID ID reader–programmer and frequency characteristics of its radiation.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Parameters defining the modulation depth factor.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Examples of NFC signal waveforms corresponding to modulation depth: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>27</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Measuring system for determining the modulation depth factor.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Recorded signal waveforms corresponding to distance measurements: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>1.5</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>38</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The real circuit for measuring the frequency characteristic of a resonant system.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The electrical diagram of a circuit for testing the frequency characteristic of a resonant system using the LTspice application.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Results of tests of the frequency characteristics of the resonant system: (<b>a</b>) in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 20 MHz—simulation in LTSpice application, (<b>b</b>) result of the measurement of the characteristics with a spectrum analyzer in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 40 MHz—actual measurement.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Measuring system for determining the modulation depth factor using a resonant system.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Recorded signal waveforms corresponding to distance measurements: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>3.0</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>27</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>15</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>25</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 17 Cont.
<p>Recorded signal waveforms corresponding to distance measurements: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>3.0</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>27</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>15</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>25</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>(<b>a</b>) The ZFL-500LN+ amplifier and (<b>b</b>) its frequency gain characteristic—according to the amplifier manufacturer’s data [<a href="#B21-applsci-14-05854" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Measuring system for determining the modulation depth factor using a signal amplifier.</p> "> Figure 20
<p>Recorded signal waveforms corresponding to distance measurements: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>3.0</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) 20 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>13</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo> </mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>25</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>d</b>) 30 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 20 Cont.
<p>Recorded signal waveforms corresponding to distance measurements: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>3.0</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) 20 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>13</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo> </mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>25</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>d</b>) 30 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo> </mo> <mo>(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 21
<p>Comparison of the measured maximum signal levels (<b>a</b>) and the determined modulation depths (<b>b</b>) using the three methods discussed.</p> "> Figure 22
<p>(<b>a</b>) Diagram of the access control system and (<b>b</b>) its practical implementation.</p> "> Figure 23
<p>An example of a signal waveform recorded from the reader–identification system.</p> "> Figure 24
<p>The time waveform of the signal corresponding to the queries sent by the reader when there is no identifier in range.</p> "> Figure 25
<p>Time waveform of the signal corresponding to the reader’s queries and ID responses.</p> "> Figure 26
<p>Measuring system for testing revealing emissions from the access control system under test.</p> "> Figure 27
<p>Level of electromagnetic disturbances from the tested set of access control.</p> "> Figure 28
<p>Sample images of the obtained waveforms for frequencies equal to (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 13.56 MHz; (<b>c</b>) 27.12 MHz; and (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) 40.68 MHz.</p> "> Figure 29
<p>Measuring system for testing revealing emissions from the tested NFC reader–programmer: (<b>a</b>) diagram of the measuring system, (<b>b</b>) photo of the measuring system.</p> "> Figure 30
<p>Level of electromagnetic disturbances from the tested reader/programmer (harmonics observed up to 700 MHz).</p> "> Figure 31
<p>Sample images of the obtained waveforms for frequencies (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 13.56 MHz, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) 27.12 MHz, (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) 189.94 MHz, and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) 691.56 MHz.</p> "> Figure 31 Cont.
<p>Sample images of the obtained waveforms for frequencies (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 13.56 MHz, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) 27.12 MHz, (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) 189.94 MHz, and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) 691.56 MHz.</p> "> Figure 32
<p>Measuring system for testing the revealing emissions from the tested mobile phone.</p> "> Figure 33
<p>Level of electromagnetic disturbances from the tested mobile phone.</p> "> Figure 34
<p>Examples of obtained waveforms for a frequency of 13.56 MHz: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Use and Threats of NFC Technology
- Interception of transmissions and copying of data to another medium or use of such data for a specific purpose;
- Transmission of data from an identifier located at a large distance from the reader using an additional transmission channel (so-called theft by a suitcase);
- Blocking the system by generating a high-power signal in the frequency band used by the system.
1.2. Design of the HF-Band RFID System
1.2.1. Controller
1.2.2. Computer
1.2.3. Reader
1.2.4. Electromagnetic Lock
1.2.5. Identifier
2. Electromagnetic Safety of Identifier
2.1. Determination of the Threshold Magnetic Field Strength
2.2. Modulation Depth Factor as a Function of Distance of Receiving Coil from ID Card
2.3. Use of a Resonant Circuit to Increase the Range of Reading Data from the Identifier
2.4. Use of a RF Amplifier to Increase the Range of Reading Data from the Identifier
3. Electromagnetic Security of Selected HF-Band RFID Card Readers and Access Control Systems
3.1. Reader Systems
- (a)
- A complete access control system consisting of the following:
- VC-1200C controller;
- Power supply;
- Battery (backup system);
- 1 RFID Card Readers R101EM;
- 1 RFID card readers S1-RX;
- Electric door strike.
- (b)
- Reader/programmer connected to the USB connector of the computer.
- (c)
- NFC-enabled phone as a reader.
3.1.1. Access Control System
3.1.2. NS106 Reader–Programmer
3.1.3. Galaxy A34 as an HF-Band RFID Reader
- Very clear revealing emission signals were observed up to the frequency of 691.56 MHz (Figure 30);
- These signals were characterized by a high level of field strength of up to 60 dBμV/m (Figure 30);
- The level of waveforms observed on the oscilloscope corresponding to the data sent from the identifier is comparable to the level of the signal corresponding to the queries;
- The range of the occurrence of revealing emissions was estimated at about 10–20 m (depending on the frequency);
- The possibility of identifying the reader’s signal at about 50 m;
- It is, in our opinion, a great threat in relation to both the possibility of intercepting the transmission and tracking the card reader.
- For this system, it was possible to recreate information for the frequencies of 13.56 and 40.68 MHz.
- The estimated range of information penetration (i.e., the distance from which it is possible to read the data transmitted by the identifier) is about 2–3 m.
- On the other frequencies, only queries sent by the system reader were received, and their estimated range should not exceed 10 m.
- For this system, the measurements were carried out in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 100 MHz (the measurement range was limited due to the lack of visible disturbances of the revealing emission nature).
- Potentially dangerous frequencies may be the basic frequency of the reader’s operation (13.56 MHz) and its harmonic.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Device | Type | Producer |
---|---|---|
Spectrum Analyzer (10 kHz–150 MHz) | 3588A | Hewlett Packard Everett, WA, USA |
Reader LF-band RFID and HF-band RFID | NS106 RFID Reader Writer | YiToo Guangzhou, China |
ID card | NTAG213 | |
Magnetic Antenna (1 kHz–30 MHz) | 6509 | EMCO Elektronik GmbH Gilching, Germany |
Device | Type | Producer |
---|---|---|
Oscilloscope | DSOX1102A | Keysight Colorado Springs, CO, USA |
Reader LF-band RFID and HF-band RFID | NS106 RFID Reader Writer | YiToo Guangzhou, China |
ID card | NTAG213 | |
Receiving coil (65 × 35 mm, 6 coils) | MCI-NRI 1 |
Distance d [cm] | Signal Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Modulation Depth Factor m [%] | |||
1.5 | 4.75 | 2.15 | 38 |
3.0 | 2.48 | 1.36 | 29 |
5.0 | 1.50 | 0.93 | 23 |
10.0 | 1.37 | 0.28 | 14 |
15.0 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 16 |
Device | Type | Producer |
---|---|---|
Oscilloscope | DSOX1102A | Keysight Colorado Springs, CO, USA |
Spectrum analyzer | 3588A | Hewlett Packard Everett, WA, USA |
Reader LF-band RFID and HF-band RFID | NS106 RFID Reader Writer | YiToo Guangzhou, China |
ID card | NTAG213 | |
Receiving coil (65 × 35 mm, 6 coils) with 22 pF capacitor | MCI-NRI 1 |
Distance d [cm] | Signal Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Modulation Depth Factor m [%] | |||
3.0 | 12.4 | 7.10 | 27.0 |
5.0 | 4.75 | 2.80 | 26.0 |
10.0 | 1.39 | 1.00 | 16.0 |
15.0 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 14.0 |
20.0 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 10.0 |
25.0 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 7.0 |
Device | Type | Producer |
---|---|---|
Oscilloscope | DSOX1102A | Keysight Colorado Springs, CO, USA |
Spectrum analyzer (10 kHz–150 MHz) | 3588A | Hewlett Packard Everett, WA, USA |
Reader LF-band RFID and HF-band RFID | NS106 RFID Reader Writer | YiToo Guangzhou, China |
ID card | NTAG213 | |
Signal amplifier | ZFL-500LN+ | Mini-Circuit New York, NY, USA |
Receiving coil (65 × 35 mm, 6 coils) | Military Communication Institute-National Research Institute, Zegrze Poludniowe, Poland |
Distance d [cm] | Signal Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Modulation Depth Factor m [%] | |||
3.0 | 13.3 | 9.7 | 16.0 |
5.0 | 11.0 | 8.4 | 13.0 |
10.0 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 13.1 |
20.0 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 13.0 |
25.0 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 14.0 |
30.0 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 7.0 |
Device | Type | Producer |
---|---|---|
Oscilloscope | DSO90404A | Agilent Santa Clara, CA, USA |
Measuring receiver | R1550 | Dynamic Sciences Chatsworth, CA, USA |
A set of measurement antennas | HE525 HE526 HE527 | Rhode&Schwarz Munich, Germany |
Reader HF-band RFID: | ||
| NS106 RFID Reader Writer | YiToo Guangzhou, China |
| S1-RX | SecuKey Shenzhen, China |
| Galaxy A32 | Samsung Suwon, South Korea |
ID card | NTAG213 | |
Computer with reduced electromagnetic emission (for cooperation with NS106 reader) | Military Communication Institute-National Research Institute, Zegrze Poludniowe, Poland |
Figure/Frequency | Level of Signal U | Duration of Single Signal Pulse Δ |
---|---|---|
| 1.309 V | 1.22 µs |
| 1.309 V | 84.512 µs |
| 1.309 V | 84.512 µs |
| 1.309 V | 1.33 µs |
| 1.309 V | 84.512 µs |
| 1.309 V | 1.334 µs |
| 100.00 mV | 1.292 µs |
| 1.309 V | 1.22 µs |
Figure/Frequency | Level of Signal U | Duration of Single Signal Pulse Δ |
---|---|---|
| 58.1 mV | 222.222 µs |
| 81.4 mV | 9.19 µs |
| 135.3 mV | 9.33 µs |
| 82.3 mV | 188.88 µs |
| 135.3 mV | 9.33 µs |
Figure/Frequency | Level of Signal U | Duration of Single Signal Pulse Δ |
---|---|---|
| 72.50 mV | 88.88 µs |
| 424.20 mV | 9.444 µs |
| 83.90 mV | 1.222 µs |
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Firlej, A.; Musial, S.; Kubiak, I. Data Immunity in Near Field Radio Frequency Communication Systems—NFC as an Aspect of Electromagnetic Information Security. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135854
Firlej A, Musial S, Kubiak I. Data Immunity in Near Field Radio Frequency Communication Systems—NFC as an Aspect of Electromagnetic Information Security. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(13):5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135854
Chicago/Turabian StyleFirlej, Andrzej, Slawomir Musial, and Ireneusz Kubiak. 2024. "Data Immunity in Near Field Radio Frequency Communication Systems—NFC as an Aspect of Electromagnetic Information Security" Applied Sciences 14, no. 13: 5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135854
APA StyleFirlej, A., Musial, S., & Kubiak, I. (2024). Data Immunity in Near Field Radio Frequency Communication Systems—NFC as an Aspect of Electromagnetic Information Security. Applied Sciences, 14(13), 5854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135854