Animals

9 pages, 1237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Milk Yield and Reduced Enteric Methane Concentration on a Commercial Dairy Farm Associated with Dietary Inclusion of Sugarcane Extract (Saccharum officinarum)

by Awais Ahmed, Matthew Flavel, Shane Mitchell, Gregor Macnab, Manisha Dunuarachchi Dunuarachchige, Aniruddha Desai and Markandeya Jois

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203300 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2727

Abstract

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of a natural sugarcane extract (Polygain™) on milk production, milk composition and methane emissions on a commercial dairy farm. (2) Methods: A three-week baseline was established for lactating Holstein × Friesian [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of a natural sugarcane extract (Polygain™) on milk production, milk composition and methane emissions on a commercial dairy farm. (2) Methods: A three-week baseline was established for lactating Holstein × Friesian animals. Following this baseline period, these animals were fed Polygain™ at 0.25% of their estimated dry matter intake for 3 weeks. Methane concentration in the feed bin was determined at each milking using the Gascard NG Infrared Sensor (Edinburgh Sensors LTD). (3) Results: During the intervention phase milk yield increased significantly from 26.43 kg to 28.54 kg per cow per day, whilst methane emissions and bulk tank somatic cell counts decreased significantly in the intervention phase. For methane concentration, an average of 246 ppm during the baseline periods reduced to an average of 161.09 ppm during the intervention phase. For the bulk tank somatic cell counts, the average was observed at 283,200 during the baseline and reduced to an average value of 151,100 during the intervention phase. (4) Conclusions: The natural sugarcane extract was shown to have the potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions while also increasing production and animal wellbeing outcomes in a commercial dairy setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Control Enteric Methane Production of Ruminants)

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Weekly milk yield during the baseline collection phase (week 1–3, Before Polygain™) and during the following 3-week intervention period (week 4–6, After Polygain™). * indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 2
(a) Mean daily methane concentration during the baseline collection phase (week 1–3, before Polygain™) and during the following 3-week intervention period (week 4–6, After Polygain™). (b) Median daily methane concentration during the baseline collection phase (week 1–3, before Polygain™) and during the following 3iweek intervention period (week 4–6, After Polygain™). * Indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 3
(a) Mean protein concentration during the baseline collection phase (week 1–3, before Polygain™) and during the following 3-week intervention period (week 4–6, After Polygain™). (b) Mean fat indication concentration during the baseline collection phase (week 1–3, before Polygain™) and during the following 3-week intervention period (week 4–6, After Polygain™). * Indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 4
Bulk tank average somatic cell count for the 3-week intervention phase with the sugarcane extract (before polygain) compared to the average of the 3-week Polygain™ intervention. * Indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Full article ">

13 pages, 9820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Ocean Acidification on the Gut Histopathology and Intestinal Microflora of Exopalaemon carinicauda

by Chao Wang, Wanyu Han, Weitao Cheng, Dexue Liu, Weili Wang, Binlun Yan, Huan Gao and Guangwei Hu

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203299 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1681

Abstract

Marine crustaceans are severely threatened by environmental factors such as ocean acidification, but, despite the latter’s negative impact on growth, molting, and immunity, its effects on intestinal microflora remain poorly understood. This work studied the gut morphology and intestinal microflora of Exopalaemon carinicauda [...] Read more.

Marine crustaceans are severely threatened by environmental factors such as ocean acidification, but, despite the latter’s negative impact on growth, molting, and immunity, its effects on intestinal microflora remain poorly understood. This work studied the gut morphology and intestinal microflora of Exopalaemon carinicauda, grown in seawater of different pH levels: 8.1 (control group), 7.4 (AC74 group), and 7.0 (AC70 group). Ocean acidification was found to cause intestinal damage, while significantly altering the microflora’s composition. However, the α-diversity did not differ significantly between the groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the acidification groups, while at the genus level, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas decreased. Babeliales was a prominent discriminative biomarker in the AC74 group, with Actinobacteriota, Micrococcales, Beijerinckiaceae, Methylobacterium, and Flavobacteriales being the main ones in the AC70 group. The function prediction results also indicated an enrichment of pathways related to metabolism for the acidification groups. At the same time, those related to xenobiotics’ biodegradation and metabolism were inhibited in AC74 but enhanced in AC70. This is the first study examining the impact of ocean acidification on the intestinal microflora of crustaceans. The results are expected to provide a better understanding of the interactions between shrimp and their microflora in response to environmental stressors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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Intestinal tissues of E. carinicauda that had been stained with HE after exposure to different pH conditions for 30 days: (A) the control group (CONT), ×400; (B) the pH 7.4 group (AC74), ×400; (C) the pH 7.0 group (AC70), ×400; (a) indicates the brush border; (b) shows the epithelium; and (c) represents the nuclei. Full article ">Figure 2
(A) Venn diagram showing the three groups (CONT, AC74, and AC70), along with the number of shared and unique OTUs. (B) Rarefaction curves: the horizontal axis represents the amount of sequencing data, and the vertical axis represents the corresponding alpha diversity index. Full article ">Figure 3
PCoA analysis of the intestinal microflora for the three groups (CONT, AC74, and AC70) based on Bray–Curtis distances. Full article ">Figure 4
Relative abundance of different phyla in the intestinal microflora of the three groups (CONT, AC74, and AC70). The figure shows only the top ten abundant phyla, with the rest grouped as “Others”. Full article ">Figure 5
Relative abundance of major phyla in each group: (A) relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in each group; (B) relative abundance of Proteobacteria in each group. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups are indicated by the lowercase letters (a, b). Full article ">Figure 6
Relative abundance of different genera in the intestinal microflora of the three groups (CONT, AC74, and AC70). The figure shows only the top ten abundant genera, with the rest grouped as “Others”. Full article ">Figure 7
Results of LEfSe analysis showing the differentially abundant taxa between the three groups (CONT, AC74, and AC70) using an LDA threshold of >3.5: (A) histogram of LDA distribution; (B) cladogram based on the LEfSe analysis. Full article ">Figure 8
The functional pathways showing significant differences between the control and AC74 groups (A), and the control and AC70 groups (B), based on PICRUSt2 and STAMP analysis. The p-values are based on Welsh’s t-test and corrected with Benjamini–Hochberg FDR. The symbol * is p-value > 0.01, and ** is p-value ≤ 0.01. Full article ">

15 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Quality Indexes of the Meat and Backfat from Porkers Supplemented with EM Bokashi Probiotic

by Zuzanna Goluch, Artur Rybarczyk, Ewa Poławska and Gabriela Haraf

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203298 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1694

Abstract

The study aimed to assess the effect of supplementation of pig diet with the Bokashi probiotic on the fatty acid profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles and backfat. The research involved 120 hybrid pigs deriving from Naïma sows and P-76 boars. [...] Read more.

The study aimed to assess the effect of supplementation of pig diet with the Bokashi probiotic on the fatty acid profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles and backfat. The research involved 120 hybrid pigs deriving from Naïma sows and P-76 boars. The experimental group’s pigs received probiotics in their feed (containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus plantarum). To analyze the fatty acid profile in intramuscular fat (IMF) of LL and backfat, 24 pig carcasses from the control group and 26 from the probiotic-supplemented group were randomly selected. Probiotic supplementation increased the Atherogenic Index, reduced the proportion of C20:4, and increased C12:0 and C18:2 n-6 in IMF LL, without affecting ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, and ΣPUFA. In backfat, probiotic supplementation decreased C18:1 and C18:2 n-6 proportion and increased C18:3 n-3, C20:3 n-6, and C20:4 n-6. These changes resulted in significantly higher ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA, PUFA Σn-3/Σn-6, and lower Saturation Index (SI). From a consumer health and technological point of view, probiotic supplementation improved the lipid profile of backfat to a greater extent than LL muscle. Bokashi, at a dose of 3 g/kg of feed in the last stage of pig production, had no significant effect on the fatty acid profile of the meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies for Healthy Pork Meat)

13 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One Welfare: Assessing the Effects of Drought and the COVID-19 Pandemic on Farmers’ Well-Being and Their Perception of Goats’ Welfare

by Cristian Larrondo, Raúl David Guevara, Javiera Calderón-Amor, Carolina Munoz, Carolina Cáceres, Mabeley Alvarado, Marcela Fresno and Francisca Di Pillo

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203297 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1956

Abstract

Considering the interconnections between human well-being, animal welfare, and the environment, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of drought and the COVID-19 pandemic on small-scale goat farmers’ well-being and their perception of goats’ welfare following the One Welfare framework. Using a telephone [...] Read more.

Considering the interconnections between human well-being, animal welfare, and the environment, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of drought and the COVID-19 pandemic on small-scale goat farmers’ well-being and their perception of goats’ welfare following the One Welfare framework. Using a telephone survey, close-ended questions, and Likert scales, we assessed the impacts of drought and the COVID-19 pandemic on human well-being and animal welfare in the Coquimbo region of Chile. The DASS-21 questionnaire was used to evaluate farmers’ mental health. Goat farmers perceived the scarcity of water and food for animals as factors that negatively affected animal productivity and welfare and caused an increase in farmers’ stress levels. Farmers who had not been visited by a veterinarian showed higher levels of stress than those who received one visit during the year (M = 10 vs. 2, p = 0.025). Additionally, farmers who perceived better welfare of their animals showed lower levels of depression (r_s = −0.17, p = 0.048), anxiety (r_s = −0.21, p = 0.016), and stress (r_s = −0.33, p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of addressing farmers’ mental health and veterinary support as crucial aspects to ensure both goat welfare and farm productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Animal Welfare: A Key Factor for a Shift towards More Sustainable Animal Agriculture)

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13 pages, 1375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Acacia nilotica Fruit, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Combination on Productive Performance, Zinc Retention, and Blood Biochemistry of Rabbits

by Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth, Hazem G. M. El-Sayed, Abdel-Wahab A. Abdel-Warith, Elsayed M. Younis, Hamdi A. Hassan, Afifi S. Afifi, Ghadir A. El-Chaghaby, Sayed Rashad, Shimaa A. Amer and Jayant Lohakare

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203296 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1708

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effects of supplementing male rabbit diets with nanoparticles of zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and Acacia nilotica fruit powder (ANFP) on production sustainability under hot climatic conditions. Eighty Californian male rabbits aged 40 days old (average body weight 738.5 [...] Read more.

This study aims to examine the effects of supplementing male rabbit diets with nanoparticles of zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and Acacia nilotica fruit powder (ANFP) on production sustainability under hot climatic conditions. Eighty Californian male rabbits aged 40 days old (average body weight 738.5 ± 11 g) were divided into four treatment groups and administered one of the following diets: control diet, Nano-ZnO (50 mg/kg), ANFP (5 g/kg), or a combination of Nano-ZnO (50 mg/kg) and ANFP (5 g/kg) for a period of 60 days. Each of the 20 rabbits used in a treatment was regarded as a replicate. The results showed that adding Nano-ZnO and ANFP individually or in combination to rabbits’ diets improved (p < 0.05) growth performance in comparison to control. In addition, zinc contents in serum or the testis tissues in the Nano-ZnO- and ANFP-treated rabbits were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those in the control group. In addition, serum levels of creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased (p < 0.05) by supplementation of Nano-ZnO, ANFP, or their combination. Carcass criteria did not differ among the treatments. Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that rabbits fed diets containing Nano-ZnO and ANFP, as well as their combination, showed improvements in growth performance, kidney and liver functions, as well as zinc retention in tissues under hot climatic conditions. The combination of Nano-ZnO and ANFP exhibited the best performance in the rabbits. More research on the synergistic effects of Nano-ZnO and ANFP in the sustainable production of rabbit meat is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Effects of Feed Ingredients on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Animals)

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Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of Nano-ZnO. Full article ">Figure 2
Impact of Nano-ZnO and ANFP individually or in combination on zinc content in testis (A) and serum (B) of rabbits at 100 days of age. a–c The bars in figures with different superscripts are different (p ˂ 0.05). ANFP: Acacia nilotica fruit powder. SEM: standard error of means. Full article ">Figure 3
Impact of Nano-ZnO and ANFP individually or in combination on Zn content in liver (A) and kidneys (B) of rabbits at 100 days of age. The bars in figures with no superscripts are not different (p ≥ 0.05). ANFP: Acacia nilotica fruit powder. SEM: standard error of means. Full article ">Figure 4
Impact of Nano-ZnO and ANFP individually or in combination on serum AST (A) and ALT (B) of rabbits at 100 days of age. a–c The bars in figures with different superscripts are different (p ˂ 0.05). ANFP: Acacia nilotica fruit powder. SEM: standard error of means. Full article ">Figure 5
Impact of Nano-ZnO and ANFP individually or in combination on serum creatinine (A) and urea (B) of rabbits at 100 days of age. a–b The bars in figures with different superscripts are different (p ˂ 0.05). ANFP: Acacia nilotica fruit powder. SEM: standard error of means. Full article ">

16 pages, 2201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Study of Subclinical Mastitis in Sheep in Greece: An Investigation into Incidence Risk, Associations with Milk Quality and Risk Factors of the Infection

by Charalambia K. Michael, Daphne T. Lianou, Natalia G. C. Vasileiou, Vasia S. Mavrogianni, Efthymia Petinaki and George C. Fthenakis

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203295 - 22 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2023

Abstract

The objectives of this work were (a) to describe the incidence risk of subclinical mastitis in dairy flocks throughout the milking period, (b) to present potential associations of subclinical mastitis with the quality of milk and (c) to identify risk factors for high-incidence [...] Read more.

The objectives of this work were (a) to describe the incidence risk of subclinical mastitis in dairy flocks throughout the milking period, (b) to present potential associations of subclinical mastitis with the quality of milk and (c) to identify risk factors for high-incidence risk of the infection. A longitudinal study was performed in 12 dairy sheep flocks in Greece. Mammary secretion samples from 240 ewes and bulk-tank milk samples were collected in four repeated visits over a period of six months for bacteriological, chemical and cytological examinations. Overall, the incidence risk of subclinical mastitis throughout the study period was 51.7%, and it varied among farms from 25.0% to 75.0%. The respective figure for staphylococcal subclinical mastitis was 48.8%. The incidence risk of recurrence of subclinical mastitis among ewes in the flocks was 35.4%. The most frequently identified bacteria from cases of subclinical mastitis were S. aureus and S. simulans; of the mastitis-causing staphylococcal isolates, 65.4% were biofilm-forming. Somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk progressively increased as the lactation period advanced, with significant increases seen on the third and fourth visits to the farms. Somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk correlated well with prevalence of subclinical mastitis in flocks. A significant inverse correlation and a significant positive correlation were seen for prevalence of subclinical mastitis versus total protein content or added water in bulk-tank milk. During multivariable analysis, younger age of newborns when taken away from the dam and consequently delayed start of milking of ewes, omission of anti-mastitis vaccination of ewes and lack of employed staff on the farms emerged to be significantly associated (positively) with increased incidence risk of subclinical mastitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Diseases of Small Ruminants)

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Scatterplot of prevalence of subclinical mastitis and somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk in 12 sheep flocks in Greece monitored throughout a milking period (dashed line is trendline). Full article ">Figure 2
Progressive changes in prevalence of subclinical mastitis and in somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk in 12 sheep flocks in Greece monitored throughout a milking period (four sampling occasions on each flock). Full article ">Figure 3
Scatterplot of prevalence of subclinical mastitis and protein content in bulk-tank milk in 12 sheep flocks in Greece monitored throughout a milking period (dashed line is trendline). Full article ">Figure 4
Scatterplot of prevalence of subclinical mastitis and added water in bulk-tank milk in 12 sheep flocks in Greece monitored throughout a milking period (dashed line is trendline). Full article ">Figure 5
Scatterplot of incidence risk of subclinical mastitis and age when lambs were taken away from their dams in 12 sheep flocks in Greece monitored throughout a milking period (dashed line is trendline). Full article ">Figure 6
Incidence risk of subclinical mastitis (solid bars) or staphylococcal subclinical mastitis (motif bars) in sheep flocks in Greece monitored throughout a milking period, vaccinated (green bars) or not vaccinated (violet bars) against staphylococcal mastitis (bars indicate 95% confidence intervals). Full article ">

58 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Well-Being of Companion Animal Caregivers and Their Companion Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

by Samantha K. Brooks and Neil Greenberg

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203294 - 22 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4862

Abstract

It is important to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal caregivers and their companion animals in order to inform responses to future crises. Prior research is inconsistent, with the benefits of animal companionship believed to be overstated. In this scoping [...] Read more.

It is important to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal caregivers and their companion animals in order to inform responses to future crises. Prior research is inconsistent, with the benefits of animal companionship believed to be overstated. In this scoping review, we searched four electronic databases and hand-searched reference lists of included studies. Over 4000 citations were found, and 122 were included in the review. Reflecting on the pre-COVID literature, quantitative evidence of the association between psychological well-being and animal companionship during the pandemic was mixed, with numerous positive, negative, and null findings reported. Studies highlighted the benefits of animal companionship during the pandemic, with animals reported to provide their caregivers with a routine, a sense of greater purpose, a positive distraction from COVID-19, companionship, and emotional support. However, participants also reported concerns about meeting animals’ needs, fears of animals catching or spreading the virus, and financial worries. Concerns about what would happen to animals if caregivers were hospitalized led some to delay COVID-19 testing or treatment. Animals also experienced benefits (such as increased companionship and calmer mood) and negative impacts (such as increased clinginess and separation anxiety). Companion animals should be a key consideration in emergency preparedness plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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16 pages, 2347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Line Registered Milk Fat-to-Protein Ratio for the Assessment of Metabolic Status in Dairy Cows

by Ramūnas Antanaitis, Karina Džermeikaitė, Vytautas Januškevičius, Ieva Šimonytė and Walter Baumgartner

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203293 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4292

Abstract

This study endeavors to ascertain alterations in the in-line registered milk fat-to-protein ratio as a potential indicator for evaluating the metabolic status of dairy cows. Over the study period, farm visits occurred biweekly on consistent days, during which milk composition (specifically fat and [...] Read more.

This study endeavors to ascertain alterations in the in-line registered milk fat-to-protein ratio as a potential indicator for evaluating the metabolic status of dairy cows. Over the study period, farm visits occurred biweekly on consistent days, during which milk composition (specifically fat and protein) was measured using a BROLIS HerdLine in-line milk analyzer (Brolis Sensor Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania). Clinical examinations were performed at the same time as the farm visits. Blood was drawn into anticoagulant-free evacuated tubes to measure the activities of GGT and AST and albumin concentrations. NEFA levels were assessed using a wet chemistry analyzer. Using the MediSense and FreeStyle Optium H systems, blood samples from the ear were used to measure the levels of BHBA and glucose in plasma. Daily blood samples were collected for BHBA concentration assessment. All samples were procured during the clinical evaluations. The cows were categorized into distinct groups: subclinical ketosis (SCK; n = 62), exhibiting elevated milk F/P ratios without concurrent clinical signs of other post-calving diseases; subclinical acidosis (SCA; n = 14), characterized by low F/P ratios (<1.2), severe diarrhea, and nondigestive food remnants in feces, while being free of other post-calving ailments; and a healthy group (H; n = 20), comprising cows with no clinical indications of illness and an average milk F/P ratio of 1.2. The milk fat-to-protein ratios were notably higher in SCK cows, averaging 1.66 (±0.29; p < 0.01), compared to SCA cows (0.93 ± 0.1; p < 0.01) and healthy cows (1.22). A 36% increase in milk fat-to-protein ratio was observed in SCK cows, while SCA cows displayed a 23.77% decrease. Significant differences emerged in AST activity, with SCA cows presenting a 26.66% elevation (p < 0.05) compared to healthy cows. Moreover, SCK cows exhibited a 40.38% higher NEFA concentration (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was identified between blood BHBA and NEFA levels (r = 0.321, p < 0.01), as well as a negative association between BHBA and glucose concentrations (r = −0.330, p < 0.01). Notably, AST displayed a robust positive correlation with GGT (r = 0.623, p < 0.01). In light of these findings, this study posits that milk fat-to-protein ratio comparisons could serve as a non-invasive indicator of metabolic health in cows. The connections between milk characteristics and blood biochemical markers of lipolysis and ketogenesis suggest that these markers can be used to check the metabolic status of dairy cows on a regular basis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Smart Farming in Dairy Production)

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(A) The in-line milk analyzer BROLIS HerdLine, and (B) registration and analysis of data (Brolis Sensor Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania). Full article ">Figure 2
Dynamic measurement of an in-line milk analyzer BROLIS HerdLine (Brolis Sensor Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania). Full article ">Figure 3
In-line milk fat-to-protein ratio in cows with SCK, cows with SCA, and healthy cows. SCA—subclinical acidosis; Healthy—healthy cows; SCK—subclinical ketosis. * p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 4
AST activity in cows with SCK, cows with SCA, and healthy cows. SCA—subclinical acidosis; Healthy—healthy cows; SCK—subclinical ketosis; AST—aspartate transaminase. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 5
AST activities in cows with SCK, cows with SCA, and healthy cows. SCA—subclinical acidosis; Healthy—healthy cows; SCK—subclinical ketosis; GGT—gamma-glutamyltransferase. * p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 6
NEFA concentration in cows with SCK, cows with SCA, and healthy cows. SCA—subclinical acidosis; Healthy—healthy cows; SCK—subclinical ketosis; NEFA—nonesterified fatty acids. Full article ">Figure 7
Correlation of in-line milk F/P ratio with NEFA concentration. F/P—in-line milk fat-to-protein ratio; NEFA—nonesterified fatty acids. Full article ">

15 pages, 14930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphometric Analysis of Developmental Alterations in the Small Intestine of Goose

by Ligia Hiżewska, Cezary Osiak-Wicha, Ewa Tomaszewska, Siemowit Muszyński, Piotr Dobrowolski, Krzysztof Andres, Tomasz Schwarz and Marcin B. Arciszewski

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203292 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1899

Abstract

In this study, a morphometric analysis of morphological changes in the layers of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and liver occurring during the hatching period (week 0) and postnatal development (weeks 1, 3, 6, and 8) was performed in geese. For this [...] Read more.

In this study, a morphometric analysis of morphological changes in the layers of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and liver occurring during the hatching period (week 0) and postnatal development (weeks 1, 3, 6, and 8) was performed in geese. For this purpose, the staining of samples obtained from tissues collected from geese after culling was carried out. Staining was performed using the Goldner method to visualize all layers of the intestine for morphometric measurements. Our analysis focused mainly on traits such as the thickness of the mucosal, submucosal, and muscular layers, as well as traits related to intestinal absorption, such as the height and width of intestinal villi and crypts. Additionally, we also took into account the number of mononuclear and binucleate hepatocytes and other cells present in the liver. After analyzing the results, an increase in most traits was found during the development of the animals, with slight differences between the sections of the duodenum and jejunum. An interesting phenomenon was also noticed—the greatest increase in most traits was observed between the 3rd and 6th week of life, which coincides with the time of feed change. We hope that our work will highlight how important the digestive system is for birds because research on this topic is limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Anatomy Studies)

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Representative image of duodenal wall showing measurement scheme of morphological traits: (blue section) villi height, (red section) villi width, (green section) mucosa thickness, (yellow section) crypt depth, (purple section) crypt width, (light green section) submucosa thickness, (black section) thickness of the inner muscle layer, (white section) thickness of the outer muscle layer, and (arrows) goblet cells. Scale bar: 200 µm. Full article ">Figure 2
Mean values (with SD) traits of duodenum and jejunum development from hatching (week 0) to week 8 of life: thickness of the inner muscle layer (A), thickness of the outer muscle layer (B), muscle to mucosa ratio (C), thickness of mucosa (D), thickness of submucosa (E), and mucosa to submucosa ratio (F). Asterisks above colored lines indicate significant differences between measurements at the next time points (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). Number signs indicate significant differences at a given time point between duodenum and jejunum (# p < 0.05; ### p < 0.001). Full article ">Figure 3
Representative photomicrographs of Goldner’s staining of duodenum with examples of changes in the traits of intestine structures during goose development during (A) week 0, (B) week 1, (C) week 3, (D) week 6, and (E) week 8. Black sections indicate changes in villi height, and blue sections indicate changes in thickness of inner muscle layer. Scale bars: red, 200 µm; black, 500 µm. Full article ">Figure 4
Representative photomicrographs of Goldner’s staining of jejunum with examples of changes in the traits of intestine structures during goose development during (A) week 0, (B) week 1, (C) week 3, (D) week 6, and (E) week 8. Black section indicate changes in villi height, and blue sections indicate changes in thickness of inner muscle layer. Scale bars: red, 200 µm; black, 500 µm. Full article ">Figure 5
Mean values (with SD) traits of duodenum and jejunum development from hatching (week 0) to week 8 of life: villi height (A), villi width (B), total number of villi per 1 mm (C), and absorption surface (D). Asterisks above colored lines indicate significant differences between measurements at next time points (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). Number signs indicate significant differences at given time point between duodenum and jejunum (# p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001). Full article ">Figure 6
Mean values (with SD) traits of duodenum and jejunum development from hatching (week 0) to week 8 of life: crypt depth (A), crypt width (B), number of goblet cells per 100 µm (C), and villus-height-to-crypt depth ratio (VH/CD ratio) (D). Asterisks above colored lines indicate significant differences between measurements at next time points (** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). Number signs indicate significant differences at given time point between duodenum and jejunum (## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001). Full article ">Figure 7
Morphological changes in the liver during development in geese from hatching (A), week 1 (B), week 3 (C), and week 6 (D) to week 8 (E) of life and changes in cell numbers, represented by mean values (SD), of mononuclear hepatocytes (F), binuclear hepatocytes (G), and other cells (H). Asterisks above lines indicate significant differences between measurements at next time points (* p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001). Arrows indicate significant changes in number of mononuclear hepatocytes (black), binuclear hepatocytes (red), and other cells (blue). Scale bar: 40 µm. Full article ">

12 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Prebiotic Fibre Blend Supports the Gastrointestinal Health of Senior Dogs

by Melanie Le Bon, Laura Carvell-Miller, Zoe Marshall-Jones, Phillip Watson and Gregory Amos

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203291 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3298

Abstract

Senior pets can suffer from a wide range of age-related diseases that can impact the quality of life for the pet and the relationship between a pet and their owner. Dietary fibre plays a key role in shaping the gastrointestinal health in mammalian [...] Read more.

Senior pets can suffer from a wide range of age-related diseases that can impact the quality of life for the pet and the relationship between a pet and their owner. Dietary fibre plays a key role in shaping the gastrointestinal health in mammalian species. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a novel prebiotic fibre blend containing sugar beet pulp, galacto-oligosaccharides, and cellulose on the health of senior dogs when fed on top of a background commercial dry diet. Thirty-two dogs aged >8 years received the prebiotic fibre blend as a dietary topper for 21 days on top of a nutritionally complete diet using a cross-over study design. The prebiotic fibre blend improved the gastrointestinal health of senior dogs as measured through improved faecal quality scores, a reduction in faecal pH, changes to the taxonomic composition of the gut, and a reduction in faecal branched-chain fatty acids, which are markers for proteolytic degradation. Broader systemic measures, such as changes to serum cytokines, were not impacted by the prebiotic fibre blend. In conclusion, a novel prebiotic fibre blend containing sugar beet pulp, galacto-oligosaccharides, and cellulose improved the gastrointestinal health of senior dogs and could have a range of potential future dietary applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions in Companion Animals and Prevention of Nutrition Disorders)

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14 pages, 1109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lactate Minimum Speed-Guided Training on the Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Status of Horses

by Angélica C. Titotto, Maíra M. Santos, Gabriel V. Ramos, Milena dos S. Adão, Guilherme V. Benvenuto, Luciana C. C. De Lacerda, Júlio A. N. Lisbôa and José C. Lacerda-Neto

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203290 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

The effect of lactate minimum speed (LMS)-guided training on horses’ homeostasis is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an LMS-guided training program on the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status of horses. Ten untrained Arabian horses were submitted to [...] Read more.

The effect of lactate minimum speed (LMS)-guided training on horses’ homeostasis is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an LMS-guided training program on the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status of horses. Ten untrained Arabian horses were submitted to an LMS test on a treadmill before and after six weeks of training. The training intensity was 80% of the LMS in the first three sessions and 100% of the LMS in the other sessions. The venous blood was collected before (T-1) and after (T-2) training at rest, during and after the LMS test for lactate, pH, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, and electrolyte measurements. The LMS and strong ion difference (SID₄) were calculated. A mild increase in the mean values (p > 0.05) was observed at rest in T-2 in comparison with T-1 in the following variables: pH (from 7.436 ± 0.013 to 7.460 ± 0.012), pCO₂ (from 42.95 ± 1.58 to 45.06 ± 0.81 mmHg), HCO₃⁻ (from 27.01 ± 1.02 to 28.91 ± 0.86 mmol/L), and SID₄ (from 33.42 ± 1.45 to 35.06 ± 2.94 mmol/L). During T-2, these variables were more stable than during T-1. Despite the improvement in fitness, the LMS did not indicate a significant difference (from 5.40 ± 0.55 to 5.52 ± 0.20 m/s). The results confirmed that the LMS-guided training program had a positive impact on the horses’ acid-base status, although some adaptations are still required to improve their fitness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Equine Physiology)

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Effort test scheme. The lactate minimum speed (LMS) test performed on a treadmill consisted of three phases: hyperlactatemia (Hlac) induction, which is a phase of short, high-intensity exercise to induce hyperlactatemia; active recovery to provide time for lactate transposition from muscle cells to the bloodstream; and incremental effort. Blood samples were collected at the end of hyperlactatemia induction and during the effort test to measure lactate for LMS determination. The LMS test produces a “U-shaped” lactate curve. The same protocol test was applied before and after the training period. The test lasted 57 min, and the horses traveled about 800 m at each speed. The time spent at each speed was variable. More details can be found in the <a href="#sec2-animals-13-03290" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>. Full article ">Figure 2
Effect of six weeks of training on the response of blood lactate accumulation during the lactate minimum speed test (A). Before (T-1; blue circle) and after (T-2; red triangle) the training period. V = velocity; T = effort test; V × T = moment × test interaction. Second-order polynomial function curve fitted to lactate concentration as a function of speed in a representative animal (B). The running speeds were: 1.7, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 m/s. •, post-training lactate behavior. Full article ">Figure 3
Variation of blood pH (A), pCO2 (B), HCO3− (bicarbonate) (C) and BE (base excess) (D) in horses. The measurements were performed at rest (M0), at the end of hyperlactatemia (M1), at early stages (M2, M3 and M4) and the end (M5) of the incremental effort, at the end of cool-down (M6), and 20 min after the end of the test (M7). T-1 (blue circle) and T-2 (red triangle) correspond to before and after the training period, respectively. M = moment; T = effort test; M × T = moment × test interaction. * Significant difference between tests 1 and 2. Full article ">Figure 4
Variation of SIG (A), SID4 (B), Atot (C), and PCV (D) in horses. Atot, total concentration of nonvolatile buffers; PCV, packed cell volume; SID4, strong ion difference; SIG, strong ion gap. The measurements were performed at rest (M0), at the end of hyperlactatemia (M1), at early stages (M2, M3 and M4) and the end (M5) of the incremental effort, at the end of cool-down (M6), and 20 min after the end of the test (M7). T-1 (blue circle) and T-2 (red triangle) correspond to before and after the training period, respectively. M = moment; T = effort test; M × T = moment × test interaction. * Significant difference between tests 1 and 2. Full article ">

18 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Lipids and Cytokines in Plasma and Follicular Fluid before and after Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation as Potential Markers for Follicular Maturation in Cattle

by Alexandria P. Snider, Renata S. Gomes, Adam F. Summers, Sarah C. Tenley, Mohamed A. Abedal-Majed, Renee M. McFee, Jennifer R. Wood, John S. Davis and Andrea S. Cupp

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203289 - 21 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1710

Abstract

The process of follicle maturation leading to ovulation is a key milestone in female fertility. It is known that circulating lipids and cytokines play a role in the follicle’s ability to go through follicular maturation and the ovulatory processes. However, the specific mechanisms [...] Read more.

The process of follicle maturation leading to ovulation is a key milestone in female fertility. It is known that circulating lipids and cytokines play a role in the follicle’s ability to go through follicular maturation and the ovulatory processes. However, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We posit that dysregulation of granulosa cells influences the ovarian environment, which tries to adapt by changing released lipids and cytokines to achieve follicular maturation. Eleven non-lactating adult females underwent estrus synchronization with two injections of PGF2α 14 days apart. Daily blood samples were collected for 28 days to monitor steroid hormone production after the second injection. To understand the potential impacts of lipids and cytokines during ovulation, a low-dose FSH stimulation (FSHLow) was performed after resynchronization of cows, and daily blood samples were collected for 14 days to monitor steroid hormone production until ovariectomies. The lipidomic analysis demonstrated increased circulating diacylglycerides and triacylglycerides during the mid-luteal phase and after FSHLow treatment. Cholesteryl esters decreased in circulation but increased in follicular fluid (FF) after FSHLow. Increased circulating concentrations of TNFα and reduced CXCL9 were observed in response to FSHLow. Therefore, specific circulating lipids and cytokines may serve as markers of normal follicle maturation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrinology of the Female Reproductive System)

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Estrus synchronization protocol for non-stimulated and stimulated cycles. (A) Estrous cycles of cows (n = 11) were synchronized with two injections of prostaglandin (PGF2α). After the second PGF2α injection, plasma was collected on day 7 after PGF2α- (Early Luteal; EL) and day 15 after PGF2α- (mid-luteal; ML); (B) in a subsequent trial, the same cows underwent a DFA on day 10 of the estrous cycle, then were stimulated with FSH (35 IU FSH every 12 h for 3.5 days plus PGF2α at the same time the last injection of FSH and 12 h after the last injection FSH), and FF and plasma samples were collected at ovariectomy (OVX; FSHLow = OVX). Blue shading denotes FSH stimulation. All plasma and follicular fluid samples were used for lipidomic and cytokine analysis. Average daily E2 and P4 (n = 11) are below each cycle. (C) Average daily concentrations of A4 (n = 11) for a non-stimulated cycle. (D) Average daily concentrations of A4 (n = 11) for a stimulated cycle. Full article ">Figure 2
Plasma estradiol (A), progesterone (B), and androstenedione (C) concentrations at EL, ML, and in response to FSHLow. Analysis of steroid hormones was performed as described in the Methods. Data presented as means ± SEM, n = 11; differences in large letters p = 0.05–0.1 and small letters p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 3
Selected circulating plasma lipids (A) PC (38:1), (B) DG (36:1), (C) HemeA, (D) TG (53:3), (E) Alpha Tocopherol, (F) TG (54:1), (G) TG (54:6), (H) PC (38:2), (I) TG (50:0), (J) DG (16:0–18:1), (K) Oleamide, (L) CE (16:0), (M) CE (18:2), (N) HODE CE, (O) LysoPC (18:3), (P) Hippuric Acid at EL, ML, and in response to FSHLow. Selected lipid profiles in plasma at EL, ML, and FSHLow. Analysis of normalized abundance of lipids was performed as described in the Methods. Data presented as means ± SEM, n = 11; differences in small letters p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 4
Selected follicular fluid lipids (A) PC (34:2), (B) PC (38:4), (C) HODE CE, (D) Cholesterol Ester, (E) PC (38:4), (F) 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, (G) 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, (H) 1-(1Z-Octadecenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, (I) Phtalic acid, (J) SM(d18:0/16:0), (K) LysoPC (18:3), (L) DG (39:2), (M) PC (38:1), (N) PC (36:0), and (O) PC (18:0–02:0) at DFA and FSHLow. Selected lipid profiles in follicular fluid at DFA and FSHLow. Analysis of normalized abundance of lipids was performed as described in the Methods. Data presented as means ± SEM, n = 11; differences in small letters p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 5
Circulating plasma production of cytokines during different times of the estrous cycle. Circulating IFNγ (A), IL-21 (B), TNFα (C), ANGPT1 (D), and CXCL9 (E). Data presented as means ± SEM, n = 11, with differences in large letters p = 0.05–0.1 and small letters p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 6
Follicular fluid cytokine profiles between DFA (EL) and FSHLow samples. Follicular fluid CXCL9 (A) and IFNβ (B). Data presented as means ± SEM, n = 11, with differences in large letters p = 0.05–0.1. Full article ">

11 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Transportation on Stress Response and Cellular Oxidative Stress Markers in Juvenile Meagre (Argyrosomus regius)

by Martina Bortoletti, Elisa Fonsatti, Federico Leva, Lisa Maccatrozzo, Cristina Ballarin, Giuseppe Radaelli, Stefano Caberlotto and Daniela Bertotto

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203288 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

In aquaculture, the transportation of live fish is a crucial but stress-inducing practice, necessitating a thorough understanding of its impact on fish welfare. This study aimed to assess the physiological stress response of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles during a 24 h [...] Read more.

In aquaculture, the transportation of live fish is a crucial but stress-inducing practice, necessitating a thorough understanding of its impact on fish welfare. This study aimed to assess the physiological stress response of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles during a 24 h commercial transport by quantifying muscle cortisol levels using a specific radioimmunoassay. Additionally, an immunohistochemical approach was used to detect and localize the cellular distribution of oxidative-stress-related biomarkers within various tissues and organs. The results demonstrated a significant increase in muscle cortisol levels following the loading procedure, remaining elevated above basal levels throughout the 24 h transport period. This effect may be attributed to either insufficient time for recovery from the loading stress or prolonged transportation-related stress. Immunostaining for all the antibodies we examined was observed in multiple tissues and organs, but we found no notable variations among the various transport phases. In conclusion, the observed stress response appears to be mainly linked to loading stress and the transport process itself, emphasizing the importance of implementing appropriate operational procedures to safeguard fish well-being during transport. Nonetheless, the unaltered distribution of oxidative stress markers between the control and transported groups suggests that the experienced stress might be within tolerable limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological and Physiological Research on Fish)

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Cortisol concentrations detected in meagre muscle at four phases: before transport (control); after loading; during travel (after 16 h from departure) and at the end of travel (after 24 h). Data are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 20). Different letters denote statistically significant differences at the different sampling points (p < 0.0001). Full article ">Figure 2
Immunohistochemical localization of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) in different tissues of control (A,C,E) and transported animals (B,D,F). All sections are counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin. No notable variations in immunoreactivity were evident when comparing control and transported animals (refer also to <a href="#animals-13-03288-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). (A,B) Hepatopancreas: marked HSP70 immunostaining is evident in the parenchyma within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (arrowheads) and in the acini (glands) (asterisks). (C,D) Stomach: marked immunopositivity is observed in the gastric glands (asterisks), and it is less pronounced in the pits (arrowheads) and epithelium lining the gastric mucosa (arrows). (E,F) Intestine: marked HSP70 immunoreactivity is detected in the cytoplasm of enterocytes and in the rodlet cells (arrowheads). Scale bar (A–E): 200 µm; scale bar (F): 100 µm. Full article ">Figure 3
Immunohistochemical localization of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in panels (A–D), 3-Nitrotyrosine (NT) in panels (E,F) and 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in panel (G,H) in meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Panels (A,C,E,G) show control animals, while panels (B,D,F,H) depict animals exposed to transport stress. All sections are counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin. No notable variations in immunoreactivity were evident when comparing control and transported animals, except for HNE (refer also to <a href="#animals-13-03288-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). (A,B) Hepatopancreas: slight HNE immunostaining is evident in the parenchyma within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and in the acini (glands). (C,D) Intestine: moderate (C) and marked (D) HNE immunopositivity is observed in the enterocytes of control and transported animals, respectively. (E,F) Intestine: moderate NT immunostaining in the enterocytes (asterisks). (G,H) Stomach: marked 8-OHdG immunostaining is visible in the nuclei of the secretory epithelium lining the mucosa (arrowheads), as well as in some of the nuclei of the underlying glands (arrows). Scale bar: 200 µm. Full article ">

11 pages, 3610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geographic Variation in Testicular Morphometrics, Androgen Receptor Expression and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in the Intermediate Roundleaf Bats across Distinct Regions in Thailand

by Kongkiat Srisuwatanasagul, Saritvich Panyaboriban, Sunate Karapan, Manita Wittayarat and Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203287 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1632

Abstract

The hipposideros larvatus (intermediate roundleaf bat) is one of the insectivorous bats which has an agro-ecological role as a controller of the insect population. The reproductive patterns of H. larvatus are intricately linked to its ecological role and survival. An understanding of the [...] Read more.

The hipposideros larvatus (intermediate roundleaf bat) is one of the insectivorous bats which has an agro-ecological role as a controller of the insect population. The reproductive patterns of H. larvatus are intricately linked to its ecological role and survival. An understanding of the testicular morphology can contribute to conservation for this species particularly in areas where its populations might be declining or under threat. However, these bats may also be associated with zoonotic diseases which can have significant public health implications. The aims of the study were to examine the morphological data as well as the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the male reproductive organs of H. larvatus from different areas of Thailand and at different sampling periods. Their testes were processed for histological investigation and immunohistochemistry for AR and AMH. The results showed differences among the various sampling areas and different sampling periods, which suggested seasonal breeding characteristics. The higher testicular morphometric data were observed in H. larvatus from the Dong Phayayen (DY) and Chiang Dao (CD) areas during June, while the size of seminiferous tubules decreased thereafter. High AR immunostaining was noticed when the testicular morphometric data were higher in DY bats during June. On the other hand, low AR was observed in bats during August and September, which was concomitant with the decreases in seminiferous tubule size and germinal epithelial height. The results suggest a potential correlation between AR immunostaining and the active phase of testicular functions in H. larvatus during June which may imply the involvement of AR with the enhancement of testicular activity. Conversely, the low expression of AR may contribute to the upregulation of AMH in the testes and may indicate lower testicular activity in H. larvatus in Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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11 pages, 1483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Activity of Quaternary Ammonium in Prototheca Isolated from Clinical Bovine Mastitis Identified by Mass Spectrometry and PCR Sequencing of the cytb Gene Marker

by Marcelo Fagali Arabe Filho, Tomasz Jagielski, Angelika Proskurnicka, Marcos Veiga dos Santos, Carlos Eduardo Fidelis, Felipe Freitas Guimarães, Simony Trevizan Guerra, Sâmea Fernandes Joaquim, Mateus de Souza Ribeiro Mioni, José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja, Helio Langoni, Luísa Fernanda García Sanchez and Marcio Garcia Ribeiro

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203286 - 21 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1347

Abstract

The in vitro algaecide activity of quaternary ammonium (QA) against Prototheca isolated from bovine clinical mastitis was investigated, in which the clinical severity was scored, milk samples were subjected to microbiological culture, and algal species were identified by molecular typing. A total of [...] Read more.

The in vitro algaecide activity of quaternary ammonium (QA) against Prototheca isolated from bovine clinical mastitis was investigated, in which the clinical severity was scored, milk samples were subjected to microbiological culture, and algal species were identified by molecular typing. A total of 4275 milk clinical samples of different cows from ten large dairy farms were used. Forty-four (1%) samples of cows from three dairy farms yielded growth of Prototheca, of which 88.6% (39/44) were identified as Prototheca bovis and 11.3% (5/44) as Prototheca sp. by MALDI-TOF MS, whereas 100% of the isolates were identified as P. bovis using PCR sequencing of the cytb gene. Among cows for which clinical severity scoring was available, 78.8% (26/33) and 21.2% (7/33) had mild and moderate infections, respectively, whereas no animal showed severe clinical signs. The algaecide activity of QA in Prototheca was observed in low concentrations among all isolates, in 20.4% (9/44) at 35 ppm, 36.4% (16/44) at 17 ppm, and 43.2% (19/44) at an 8 ppm, in addition to activity on three reference Prototheca strains. Overall, the study highlights the predominance of P. bovis as the causative agent of algal mastitis in bovines. Prototheca induced abnormalities preponderantly in the milk and mammary gland tissue of cows, and to our knowledge, our study is the first to apply clinical severity scoring in protothecal mastitis. In addition, the study underlines the activity of QA in low concentrations against Prototheca, indicating its potential use as an antiseptic/disinfectant in milking facilities and dairy environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors Affecting Milk Productivity, Milk Quality, and Dairy Cow Health)

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17 pages, 2747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experience Regarding Slow Lorises in Southern Thailand: Coexistence in a Developed Landscape

by Luke F. Quarles, Juthapathra Dechanupong, Nancy Gibson and K. A. I. Nekaris

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203285 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2763

Abstract

Natural landscapes are being converted for agriculture and other human uses across Asia and this development presents potential threats for specialist species of primates, like the Endangered slow lorises of Thailand (Nycticebus bengalensis and N. coucang). It is crucial to understand [...] Read more.

Natural landscapes are being converted for agriculture and other human uses across Asia and this development presents potential threats for specialist species of primates, like the Endangered slow lorises of Thailand (Nycticebus bengalensis and N. coucang). It is crucial to understand the interface between humans and slow lorises in order to conserve these primates. Local ecological knowledge provides valuable information about these cryptic nocturnal species. We conducted 36 semi-structured interviews in Khao Lak, in southern Thailand, asking (1) where slow lorises were seen, (2) what they were doing, (3) how often people see slow lorises, and (4) what people knew about them. We converted the interviews to free lists and determined the importance of key words. Our results show that the informants saw lorises frequently in six general locations: forests/trees (58%), electric wires (47%), towns/villages (36%), plantations (33%), homesteads (28%), and roads (17%). The most prominent places were forests/trees, wires, and plantations. Eleven key concepts defined local beliefs, with the most prominent being that lorises are awake at night (69%), eat fruit (42%), are not aggressive (25%), are bad omens (25%), and there used to be more of them (25%). Due to a minimal presence of persecution or exploitation of slow lorises by humans in the study area and general tolerance in the face of competition for the same resources and spaces, we suggest that, despite extensive persecution for the illegal photo prop trade in nearby Phuket, the people of Khao Lak seem to live in a state of passive coexistence with slow lorises. However, we did find some evidence that the pet and photo prop trade are still present in the area. It is crucial that coexistence be struck within the context of deforestation and urbanization so that conservation initiatives can take place within the community to further improve the lives of humans and the status of lorises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Living with Non-human Primates: Conflicts, Perceptions and Coexistence)

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Cluster analysis of Khao Lak residents’ beliefs and experiences with slow lorises Nycticebus bengalensis in Khao Lak, Thailand based on the views of 36 informants. (a) clustering based on topics showing 3 or 5 potential clusters each comprising between 2 and 6 topics; (b) clustering based on where informants saw lorises, showing 3 distinct clusters each comprising between 1 and 2 locations each. Proximity matrices and agglomeration schedules in <a href="#app2-animals-13-03285" class="html-app">Appendix B</a>. Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
Cluster analysis of Khao Lak residents’ beliefs and experiences with slow lorises Nycticebus bengalensis in Khao Lak, Thailand based on the views of 36 informants. (a) clustering based on topics showing 3 or 5 potential clusters each comprising between 2 and 6 topics; (b) clustering based on where informants saw lorises, showing 3 distinct clusters each comprising between 1 and 2 locations each. Proximity matrices and agglomeration schedules in <a href="#app2-animals-13-03285" class="html-app">Appendix B</a>. Full article ">Figure 2
Locations where slow lorises were reported to be seen by interview informants. Representing the responses from 36 interviews around Khao Lak, Thailand. Full article ">Figure 3
Frequencies, mean rank, and saliencies of the top key words (up to 15) describing slow lorises for the questions (a) “Where do you see it?”, (b) “How often do you see it?”, (c) “What do you know about them?”, (d) “What are they doing when you see them?”. Full article ">Figure A1
Species photos that were used on laminated A4 laminated cards for the naming task. Numbers 1–11 are organized from most to least common as presumed from IUCN status and behavioral and habitat use patterns. Numbers 12 and 13 are non-native decoy species for validation. Numbers 14–16 are in no particular order. (1) Southern tree shrew—Tupaia glis; (2) Water monitor—Varanus salvator; (3) Tokay gecko—Gekko gecko; (4) Common birdwing—Troides helena; (5) Indian muntjac—Muntiacus muntjak; (6) Malayan colugo—Galeopterus variegatus; (7) Masked palm civet—Paguma larvata; (8) Sunda pangolin—Manis javanica; (9) Fishing cat—Prionailurus viverrinus; (10) Pied imperial pigeon—Ducula bicolor; (11) Nicobar pigeon—Caloenas nicobarica; (12) Blue monkey—Cercopithecus mitis; (13) Common brown lemur—Eulemur fulvus; (14) Greater slow loris—Nycticebus coucang; (15) Bengal slow loris—Nycticebus bengalensis; (16) Pygmy loris—Xanthonycticebus intermedius. Full article ">

17 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Genomics and Transcriptomics Approaches to Improve Female Fertility in Beef Cattle—A Review

by Nicholas C. Kertz, Priyanka Banerjee, Paul W. Dyce and Wellison J. S. Diniz

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203284 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2613

Abstract

Female fertility is the foundation of the cow–calf industry, impacting both efficiency and profitability. Reproductive failure is the primary reason why beef cows are sold in the U.S. and the cause of an estimated annual gross loss of USD 2.8 billion. In this [...] Read more.

Female fertility is the foundation of the cow–calf industry, impacting both efficiency and profitability. Reproductive failure is the primary reason why beef cows are sold in the U.S. and the cause of an estimated annual gross loss of USD 2.8 billion. In this review, we discuss the status of the genomics, transcriptomics, and systems genomics approaches currently applied to female fertility and the tools available to cow–calf producers to maximize genetic progress. We highlight the opportunities and limitations associated with using genomic and transcriptomic approaches to discover genes and regulatory mechanisms related to beef fertility. Considering the complex nature of fertility, significant advances in precision breeding will rely on holistic, multidisciplinary approaches to further advance our ability to understand, predict, and improve reproductive performance. While these technologies have advanced our knowledge, the next step is to translate research findings from bench to on-farm applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beef Cattle Production and Management)

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13 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Betaine on the Laying Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Uterus and Ovary Function of Laying Hens at the Late Stage of Production

by Feng Guo, Mengna Jing, Aaoyu Zhang, Jinfan Yi and Yanhong Zhang

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203283 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1881

Abstract

Betaine has been found to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, whether dietary betaine can protect late-laying hens against these adverse effects is unknown. Here, 270 65-week-old Jinghong-1 laying hens were randomly divided into the Control, 0.1% Betaine, and 0.5% Betaine groups [...] Read more.

Betaine has been found to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, whether dietary betaine can protect late-laying hens against these adverse effects is unknown. Here, 270 65-week-old Jinghong-1 laying hens were randomly divided into the Control, 0.1% Betaine, and 0.5% Betaine groups and fed a basal diet, 0.1%, and 0.5% betaine supplemented diet, respectively. The trial lasted for seven weeks. Birds that consumed 0.5% betaine laid more eggs with thicker eggshells. Accordingly, uterine reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and ovarian superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents were increased. The uterine calcium ion content and the mRNA expression of ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and carbonic anhydrase two were increased. Moreover, ovarian IL-1β, Caspase-1, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions were decreased; luteinising hormone receptor (LHR) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA expressions were increased. Furthermore, dietary betaine decreased the ovaries’ mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT)1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b. The methylation level at the promoter region of ovarian LHR decreased. These results indicated that dietary betaine consumption with a concentration of 0.5% could increase the laying rate and the eggshell thickness during the late-laying period. The underlying mechanism may include antioxidative, anti-apoptosis, and hormone-sensitivity-enhancing properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Poultry Production: Physiology and Nutrition)

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Schematic of cage configuration. Full article ">Figure 2
Mean egg-laying rate (A) and egg weight (B). Asterisk symbols denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 3
Effects of dietary betaine on the Ca2+ concentration (A) and calcification-associated gene expressions (B) in the uterus. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6/group, Significance levels: * p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 4
Effect of dietary betaine on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (A), apoptosis factors (B), and reproductive hormones receptors (C) in the uterus and ovary tissues. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6/group, Significance levels: * p < 0.05, p < 0.10 was used as the criterion for tendency. Full article ">Figure 5
Effects of dietary betaine on the mRNA expression of DNA methylation-associated enzymes in the uterus (A) and ovary tissue (B). Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6/group, Significance levels: * p < 0.05, p < 0.10 was used as the criterion for tendency. Full article ">Figure 6
DNA methylation of the FSHR, LHR, Caspase-3, and Caspase-8 gene promoters in the ovary tissue. (A–D), Schematic diagram showing the amplified segments on the promoter sequence of LHR, FSHR, Caspase, and Caspase-8, respectively; (E,F), 5mC and 5hmC status on the promoter of LHR and FSHR, respectively; (G,H), 5mC and 5hmC status on the promoter of Caspase-3 and Caspase-8, respectively; Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4/group, Significance levels: * p < 0.05, p < 0.10 was used as the criterion for tendency. Full article ">

17 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Lyophilized Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) Supplementation on Oxidative Damage and Intestinal Histology in Juvenile Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Reared in Biofloc Systems

by Grecica Mariana Colombo, Robson Matheus Marreiro Gomes, Sonia Astrid Muñoz Buitrago, Juan Rafael Buitrago Ramírez, Alan Carvalho de Sousa Araujo, Fernando Pablo Silva Oliveira, Virgínia Fonseca Pedrosa, Luís Alberto Romano, Marcelo Tesser, Wilson Wasielesky and José María Monserrat

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203282 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1418

Abstract

The objective of this was to evaluate the ability of bioflocs to assimilate and transfer antioxidant compounds present in açaí Euterpe oleracea to juvenile Penaeus vannamei shrimp grown in a biofloc system. Juvenile shrimp were distributed into four treatment groups (control, 5, 20, [...] Read more.

The objective of this was to evaluate the ability of bioflocs to assimilate and transfer antioxidant compounds present in açaí Euterpe oleracea to juvenile Penaeus vannamei shrimp grown in a biofloc system. Juvenile shrimp were distributed into four treatment groups (control, 5, 20, and 80 mg açaí L⁻¹), containing 31 shrimps/tank (90 L), and cultivated for 30 days. Every 24 h throughout the experimental period, the respective açaí concentrations were added directly to the cultivation water. The bioflocs and hepatopancreas lost their antioxidant capacity with increasing concentrations of açaí; however, lipid damage was mitigated after treatment with 20 mg of açaí L⁻¹ (p < 0.05). The application of 20 mg açaí L⁻¹ increased the mean height and area of the middle intestinal microvilli (p < 0.05). Mortality and protein and lipid damage in shrimp muscle increased with daily administration of 80 mg açaí L⁻¹ (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the bioflocs were able to assimilate the antioxidants present in açaí and transfer them to the shrimp, and the administration of 20 mg açaí L⁻¹ presented the best performance, demonstrating the possibility of its application in the cultivation of P. vannamei in a biofloc system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Feedstuffs, Functional Foods and Feed Additives for Aquatic Organisms)

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Graphical abstract

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Full article ">Figure 1
Experimental groups and analyses used in this study. ACAP: total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals. TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. GSH: reduced glutathione. P-SH: Protein-associated sulfhydryl groups. Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>. Full article ">Figure 2
Values of total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (expressed in relative area) in the bioflocs (a), gills (b), hepatopancreas (c), and muscle (d) of Penaeus vannamei shrimp after the addition of different concentrations of lyophilized açaí for 30 days. Values are expressed as mean ± 1 standard error (n = 12). Different letters indicate statistical differences between the concentrations of lyophilized açaí according to the Newman–Keuls test at a significance level of 0.05. Full article ">Figure 3
Levels of lipid peroxidation (nmol TMP/mg per tissue) in the bioflocs (a), gills (b), hepatopancreas (c), and muscle (d) of Penaeus vannamei shrimp after the addition of different concentrations of lyophilized açaí for 30 days. Values are expressed as mean ± 1 standard error (n = 12). Different letters indicate statistical differences between treatments according to the Newman–Keuls test at a significance level of 0.05. TMP is tetramethoxypropane, which was used as the standard. Full article ">Figure 4
Concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH, μmol/mg protein) in the bioflocs (a), gills (b), hepatopancreas (c), and muscle (d) of Penaeus vannamei shrimp after the addition of different concentrations of lyophilized açaí for 30 days. Values are expressed as mean ± 1 standard error (n = 12). Different letters indicate statistical differences between treatments according to the Newman–Keuls test at a significance level of 0.05. Full article ">Figure 5
Concentration of protein sulfhydryl groups (μmol/mg protein) in the bioflocs (a), gills (b), hepatopancreas (c), and muscle (d) of Penaeus vannamei shrimp after the addition of different concentrations of lyophilized açaí for 30 days. Values are expressed as mean ± 1 standard error (n = 12). Different letters indicate statistical differences between treatments according to the Newman–Keuls test at a significance level of 0.05. Full article ">Figure 6
Middle intestine of juvenile shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc technology system (BFT) with different concentrations of açaí Euterpe oleracea for 30 days. (A)—Control; (B)—5 mg açaí L−1; (C)—20 mg açaí L−1; (D)—80 mg açaí L−1. H-E. BAR: 10 µm. Full article ">Figure 7
Posterior intestine of juvenile shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc technology system (BFT) with different concentrations of açaí Euterpe oleracea for 30 days. (A)—Control; (B)—5 mg açaí L−1; (C)—20 mg açaí L−1; (D)—80 mg açaí L−1. H-E. BAR: 10 µm. Full article ">

30 pages, 546 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens

by Agata Augustyniak and Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203281 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2129

Abstract

The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it [...] Read more.

The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world’s livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Viral Zoonotic Infections in Pigs)

13 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Effects of Commercial or Locally Engineered Biochars Produced from Different Biomass Sources and Differing in Their Physical and Chemical Properties on Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production In Vitro

by Chaouki Benchaar, Fadi Hassanat and Cristiano Côrtes

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203280 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

In recent years, interest in using biochar as feed additives to mitigate enteric methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminants has increased. It has been suggested that the mitigating potential of biochar is influenced by its physical (e.g., porosity-related) and chemical (e.g., redox-potential-related) [...] Read more.

In recent years, interest in using biochar as feed additives to mitigate enteric methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminants has increased. It has been suggested that the mitigating potential of biochar is influenced by its physical (e.g., porosity-related) and chemical (e.g., redox-potential-related) properties. Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of commercial or locally engineered biochars, produced from different biomass sources and differing in their physical and chemical characteristics, on rumen fermentation and CH₄ production. For this purpose, a 24 h batch culture of ruminal fluid incubations was conducted in a complete randomized block design (repeated three times) that included a negative control (no additive), a positive control (monensin, 10 mg/mL), and four commercial and three locally engineered biochars, each evaluated at 1%, 2%, or 5% of the substrate’s (i.e., the total mixed ration) dry matter. The evaluated biochars greatly differ in their chemical (i.e., moisture, ash, pH, redox potential, volatiles, carbon, fixed carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur) and physical (i.e., fine particles < 250 µm, bulk density, true density, porosity, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and absorbed CO₂) properties. Despite these differences and compared with the negative control, none of the biochars evaluated (regardless of the inclusion rate) influenced gas and CH₄ production, volatile fatty acid characteristics (total concentration and profile), or ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentrations. As expected, monensin (i.e., the positive control) decreased (p < 0.05) CH₄ production mainly because of a decreased (p < 0.05) acetate-to-propionate ratio. The results of this study reveal that despite the large differences in the physical and chemical properties of the biochars evaluated, their inclusion at different rates in vitro failed to modify rumen fermentation and decrease CH₄ production. Based on these in vitro findings, it was concluded that biochar does not represent a viable strategy for mitigating enteric CH₄ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

14 pages, 1019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zoonotic Microparasites in Invasive Black Rats (Rattus rattus) from Small Islands in Central Italy

by Stefania Zanet, Flavia Occhibove, Dario Capizzi, Sara Fratini, Francesca Giannini, Avner Dan Hoida, Paolo Sposimo, Flaminia Valentini and Ezio Ferroglio

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203279 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

Invasive species have a detrimental impact on native populations, particularly in island ecosystems, and they pose a potential zoonotic and wildlife threat. Black rats (Rattus rattus) are invasive species that disrupt native flora and fauna on islands and serve as potential [...] Read more.

Invasive species have a detrimental impact on native populations, particularly in island ecosystems, and they pose a potential zoonotic and wildlife threat. Black rats (Rattus rattus) are invasive species that disrupt native flora and fauna on islands and serve as potential competent reservoirs for various pathogens and parasites. Microparasites screening was conducted in rat populations from small islands in central Italy (the Pontine Islands and Pianosa) with the aim of assessing the role of rats in maintaining infections, particularly in cases where key reservoir hosts were scarce or absent. We focused on microparasites of zoonotic and veterinary relevance. A total of 53 rats was kill-trapped and target tissues were analysed with molecular techniques. We observed the absence or very low prevalence of Anaplasma spp., while Babesia was found in rats from all locations, marking the first recorded instance of Babesia divergens in wild rats. Data from Pianosa strongly suggest the presence of an autochthonous Leishmania infantum cycle in the Tuscan archipelago islands. Neospora caninum was absent from all islands, even in areas where dogs, the main reservoirs, were present. Toxoplasma gondii was only recorded on the Pontine Islands, where genotyping is needed to shed light on infection dynamics. This study confirms that invasive species, such as rats, may be responsible for maintaining an increased parasitological threat to fauna and human communities in certain ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Zoonotic Vector-Borne Diseases of Companion Animals)

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26 pages, 1151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tenuipalpus Sensu Lato Donnadieu (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae); New Species Groups, a New Species, and Keys to the World Species

by Nasreldeen Ahmed Elgoni, Muhammad Kamran and Fahad Jaber Alatawi

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203278 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1378

Abstract

Four new species groups of the Tenuipalpus sensu lato group are proposed in the present study based on the total number of dorsal opisthosomal setae, namely, carolinensis with ten pairs of setae (214 species), dubinini with nine pairs of setae (33 species), granati [...] Read more.

Four new species groups of the Tenuipalpus sensu lato group are proposed in the present study based on the total number of dorsal opisthosomal setae, namely, carolinensis with ten pairs of setae (214 species), dubinini with nine pairs of setae (33 species), granati with eight pairs of setae (29 species), and barticanus with seven pairs of setae (7 species) Additionally, diagnostic keys to species groups and 273 species of the Tenuipalpus sensu lato are provided. Three species, T. lustrabilis Chaudhri, T. guptai Sadana and Gupta, and T. solanensis Sadana and Gupta, are synonymized with T. punicae Pritchard and Baker. One species, T. rodionovi Chalilova, is suggested as a junior synonym of T. granati Sayed, and eight species, T. chiococcae De Leon, T. costarricensis Salas and Ochoa, T. ephedrae Livschitz and Mitrofanov, T. molinai Evans, T. santae Manson, T. simplychus Cromroy, T. tetrazygiae De Leon, and T. oxalis (Flechtmann), belonging to the carolinensis species group, are not included in the key. Furthermore, a new species of Tenuipalpus sensu lato, T. jazanensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on females collected from the Chamaerops spp. (Arecaceae). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Ecology, Evolution, Systematics and Behaviour of Mites)

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14 pages, 2731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Genetic Origin of Honeybees and Climate on Prevalence and Infestation Levels of Varroa

by Claudia García-Figueroa, Francisco Javier Ramírez-Ramírez, Laura Yavarik Alvarado-Avila and Miguel Enrique Arechavaleta-Velasco

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203277 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1312

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of honeybee genetic origin, climate type and the interactions between these variables on the prevalence and infestation levels of Varroa in a large population of honeybee colonies (n = 1134). For each colony, [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of honeybee genetic origin, climate type and the interactions between these variables on the prevalence and infestation levels of Varroa in a large population of honeybee colonies (n = 1134). For each colony, the morphotype, haplotype and climate type were determined. No differences between the Africanized, European and Hybrid morphotypes were found for the prevalence and infestation levels of Varroa (p > 0.05). Differences between honeybee haplotypes were found for the prevalence of Varroa (p < 0.05), and the prevalence was higher in the African haplotype than in the European haplotype. No differences between honeybee haplotypes were found for the infestation levels of Varroa (p > 0.05). Differences were found between climate type for the prevalence and infestation levels of Varroa (p < 0.05): the temperate sub-humid climate had a higher prevalence and higher infestation levels than the semi-warm climate and the warm sub-humid climate. Correlations between the infestation levels of Varroa and mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, winter precipitation and Lang index were found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Biology, Pathology and Management)

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Figure 1
Location of the State of Morelos. Map created with a template available at INEGI website. Full article ">Figure 2
Location of the beeyards included in the study. Map created in ArcGIS 10.5 using a template available at INEGI website. Full article ">Figure 3
Relative frequency of honeybee colonies with Africanized, European and Intermediate or Hybrid morphotype. Figures inside the bars correspond to the number of colonies. Full article ">Figure 4
Relative frequency of honeybee colonies with African, East European and West European haplotype. Figures inside the bars correspond to the number of colonies. Full article ">Figure 5
Relative frequency of colonies located in the temperate sub-humid, semi-warm and warm sub-humid climates. Figures inside the bars correspond to the number of colonies. Full article ">Figure 6
Varroa mean infestation levels (±SE) in the temperate sub-humid, semi-warm and warm sub-humid climates. Figures inside the bars correspond to Varroa mean infestation levels. Different letters indicate differences of Varroa mean infestation levels based on an analysis of variance and a Tukey test (p < 0.05). Full article ">Figure 7
Correlations between the Varroa mean infestation level of the beeyard and climatic elements. Full article ">

20 pages, 3981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Mitigating Sensor Variability and Interspecies Heterogeneity in Animal Activity Recognition

by Seong-Ho Ahn, Seeun Kim and Dong-Hwa Jeong

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203276 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Animal activity recognition (AAR) using wearable sensor data has gained significant attention due to its applications in monitoring and understanding animal behavior. However, two major challenges hinder the development of robust AAR models: domain variability and the difficulty of obtaining labeled datasets. To [...] Read more.

Animal activity recognition (AAR) using wearable sensor data has gained significant attention due to its applications in monitoring and understanding animal behavior. However, two major challenges hinder the development of robust AAR models: domain variability and the difficulty of obtaining labeled datasets. To address this issue, this study intensively investigates the impact of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for AAR. We compared three distinct types of UDA techniques: minimizing divergence-based, adversarial-based, and reconstruction-based approaches. By leveraging UDA, AAR classifiers enable the model to learn domain-invariant features, allowing classifiers trained on the source domain to perform well on the target domain without labels. We evaluated the effectiveness of UDA techniques using dog movement sensor data and additional data from horses. The application of UDA across sensor positions (neck and back), sizes (middle-sized and large-sized), and gender (female and male) within the dog data, as well as across species (dog and horses), exhibits significant improvements in the classification performance and reduced the domain discrepancy. The results highlight the potential of UDA to mitigate the domain shift and enhance AAR in various settings and for different animal species, providing valuable insights for practical applications in real-world scenarios where labeled data is scarce. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Livestock Productivity and Sustainability: Use of Sensor Data and Livestock Behavior)

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Figure 1
Overview of unsupervised domain adaptation framework (UDA). First, labeled source data was utilized to train residual network (ResNet) for extracting features for animal activity recognition. Then, unlabeled target data was used to predict animal activities using the model trained with source data (source only). To investigate the impact of UDA techniques that mitigate domain shift issues, the target data was evaluated after the implementation of three UDA techniques: deep adaptation network (DAN), domain adversarial neural network (DANN), and deep reconstruction-classification networks (DRCN). Full article ">Figure 2
Model architecture of three different types of unsupervised domain adaptation. (A) Deep adaptation network (DAN) is a minimizing divergence-based approach, (B) domain adversarial neural network (DANN) is an adversarial-based approach, and (C) deep reconstruction-classification networks (DRCN) are a reconstruction-based approach. FC: fully-connected layer, CE: cross entropy, MK-MDD: multiple kernel variant of maximum mean discrepancy, GRL: gradient reversal layer, BCE: binary cross entropy. Full article ">Figure 3
Confusion matrix of AAR classification depending on domain adaptation between neck and back sensors. The left insets (A,B) represent classification results without applying domain adaptation (source-only) in the neck→back scenario and the back→neck scenario, respectively. The right insets (C,D) represent classification results after applying deep adaptation network (DAN) in the neck→back scenario and the back→neck scenario, respectively. The deeper blue signifies a greater number of true positives, indicating higher classification performance for each class. Full article ">Figure 4
Confusion matrix of AAR classification depending on domain adaptation for gender. The left insets (A,B) represent classification results in the female→male scenario with back sensors, where domain adaptation was not applied (source-only). The right insets (C,D) represent classification results in the female→male scenario with neck sensors, where domain adversarial neural network (DANN) was employed. The deeper blue signifies a greater number of true positives, indicating higher classification performance for each class. Full article ">Figure 5
Confusion matrix of AAR classification depending on domain adaptation for species. The left insets (A,B) represent classification results in the dog→horse scenario and the horse→dog scenario, respectively, without the application of domain adaptation (source-only). The right insets (C,D) represent classification results in the dog→horse scenario and the horse→dog scenario, respectively, after the application of domain adversarial neural network (DANN). The deeper blue signifies a greater number of true positives, indicating higher classification performance for each class. Full article ">Figure 6
Visualization of t-SNE results of dog activity classification. The (left) columns show results without employing domain adaptation, whereas the (right) columns show results from the most successful among three domain adaptation techniques. The circles represent features from the source domain and the triangles are features from the target domain. Full article ">Figure 7
Visualization of t-SNE results for interspecies activity classification. The (left) columns show results without employing domain adaptation, whereas the (right) columns show results from domain adversarial neural network (DANN), the best performing among three domain adaptation techniques. The circles represent features from the source domain and the triangles are features from the target domain. Full article ">

15 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Extract Supplemented in Cashmere Goats with a High-Concentrate Diet on Growth Performance, Ruminal and Colonic Fermentation and SARA

by Qingyue Zhang, Shuhui Dong, Hao Yu, Yinhao Li, Xiaoyu Guo, Yanli Zhao, Yongmei Guo and Sumei Yan

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203275 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1956

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of noni fruit extract (NFE) on growth performance, ruminal and colonic fermentation, nutrient digestion, and subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) of cashmere goats with the high-concentrate diet. Twenty-four cashmere kids (17.9 ± 1.45 kg of BW [...] Read more.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of noni fruit extract (NFE) on growth performance, ruminal and colonic fermentation, nutrient digestion, and subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) of cashmere goats with the high-concentrate diet. Twenty-four cashmere kids (17.9 ± 1.45 kg of BW ± SD) were randomly assigned to three treatments: low-concentrate diet, high-concentrate (HC) diet, or HC diet supplemented with NFE at 1 g per kg DM (0.1%). The results showed that although the HC diet improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate (FCR), it was accompanied by SARA with a decreased pH and an increased lactic acid of both rumen and colon, and decreased digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The supplementation of 0.10% NFE in the HC diet could not only effectively alleviate SARA symptoms and colon fermentation disorders, such as reversing the decrease of pH and alleviating the increase of lactic acid in rumen and colon, but also mitigate the decline of fiber digestibility caused by long-term feeding in the HC diet, and increase the digestibility of crude protein(CP) and dry matter (DM), which improved the ADG and FCR of cashmere kids. Thus, NFE provides new strategies for alleviating SARA and promoting cashmere goat growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

18 pages, 3832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Balance in Male Water Buffaloes Transported by Long and Short Journeys

by Daniela Rodríguez-González, Isabel Guerrero Legarreta, Alfonso Chay-Canul, Ismael Hernández-Avalos, Fabio Napolitano, Ricardo García-Herrera, Alfredo M. F. Pereira, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, Alejandro Casas-Alvarado, Brenda Reyes-Sotelo and Daniel Mota-Rojas

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203274 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

Transport is a stressor that can cause physiological and metabolic imbalances in livestock, resulting in stress-induced hyperthermia. In water buffaloes, studies regarding the thermal state of animals during mobilization are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermal response of 1516 water [...] Read more.

Transport is a stressor that can cause physiological and metabolic imbalances in livestock, resulting in stress-induced hyperthermia. In water buffaloes, studies regarding the thermal state of animals during mobilization are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermal response of 1516 water buffaloes using infrared thermography (IRT) during 15 short trips (783 animals, 60,291 records, average duration = 50.33 min ± 5.48 min) and 14 long trips (733 animals, 56,441 records, average duration = 13.31 h ± 47.32 min). The surface temperature was assessed in 11 regions (periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, lower eyelid, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic) during seven phases from pasture to post-transport. It was found that the surface temperature of the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic regions was significantly higher during SJs (+3 °C) when compared to LJs (p < 0.0001). In particular, the frontal-parietal region had a significant increase of 10 °C during the post-transport phase (p < 0.0001) in both groups, recording the highest temperatures during this phase. Likewise, a strong positive significant correlation between the different regions was found (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001). It is worth mentioning that the herding, loading, pre-, and post-transport phases were the ones where the greatest thermal response was recorded, possibly due to the influence of human interaction. Finally, a strong positive correlation (r above 0.9, p > 0.001) between the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, pinna, and pelvic limb was found. According to the results, SJ could be considered a stressful event that hinders thermal generation, contrarily to LJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Buffalo Welfare, Strategies to Improve Health, Behavior, Productivity, and Food Quality and Safety)

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Figure 1
Thermal windows assessed in the head. (A,B). In the orbital region (Regio orbitalis), the lacrimal caruncle was delimited with a circle (a1,b1), from the medial commissure of the eyelids up to half a centimeter toward the cranium. The periocular thermal window (circles (a2,b2)) extends above the upper and lower eyelid. The lower eyelid (a3,b3) was defined by a line of approximately 3 cm, from which the conjunctival irrigation can be assessed. In the skull region (Regiones cranii) (C,D), nostril, auricular, and frontal-parietal windows were delimited. The nostrils (c1) were marked by ovals. For the auricular evaluation (Regio auricularis), a circle was used to mark the auditory canal (d1). Lastly, the frontal-parietal region (Regio frontalis) was delimited by a circle (d2), a zone irrigated by cornual and supraorbital arteries. Full article ">Figure 2
Evaluated thermal windows in the trunk region (Truncus regionis). (A) The coastal region (Regio costalis) was marked by a rectangle (a1) in the costal arch from 1° to 12° costal space. The cranial abdominal region (Regio abdominis cranialis) was delimited by a rectangle (a2) where the oblique abdominal and rectus abdominis muscles are present. The thermal window for the pelvic limbs (Regiones membri pelvini) was defined by two circles at the Regio femoris (a31) and at the Regio tarsi (a32), including the femoral muscle and the tarsus region. (B) Vertebral column (Columna vertebralis) thermal windows. The thoracic vertebral region (Regio vertebralis thoracis) is marked with a rectangle (b1), covering the thoracic vertebrae (1a to 12a) and the width of the transverse processes. The lumbar vertebral region (Regio vertebralis lumbalis) (b2) was delimited by a rectangle above the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae L1–L7. Full article ">Figure 3
Mean ± standard error (SE) temperatures for the thermal windows of the head region (Regiones capitis) of SJ and LJ water buffaloes in the seven phases. Different literals a, b, c, d, e, f, g indicate statistically significant differences among the temperatures of the animals according to the phase (p value < 0.001). Different numbers 1,2 indicate statistically significant differences between short and long journeys of the thermal windows (p value < 0.001). Full article ">Figure 4
Mean ± standard error (SE) of the temperatures in the thermal windows of the lateral region of the trunk of SJ (short journey) and LJ (long journey) water buffaloes in the seven phases. Different literals a, b, c, d, e, f, g indicate statistically significant differences among the temperatures of the animals according to the phase (p value < 0.001). Different numbers 1,2 indicate statistically significant differences between short and long journeys of the thermal windows (p value < 0.001). Full article ">Figure 5
Mean ± standard error (SE) temperatures for the thermal windows of the trunk region (Truncus regionis) left or right of SJ (short journey) and LJ (long journey) water buffaloes in the seven phases. Different literals a, b, c, d, e, f, indicates statistically significant differences among the temperatures of the animals according to the phase (p value < 0.001). Different numbers 1,2 indicate statistically significant differences between short and long journeys of the thermal windows (p value < 0.001). Full article ">

12 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptation Response in Sheep: Ewes in Different Cortisol Clusters Reveal Changes in the Expression of Salivary miRNAs

by Isabella Manenti, Irene Viola, Ugo Ala, Paolo Cornale, Elisabetta Macchi, Paola Toschi, Eugenio Martignani, Mario Baratta and Silvia Miretti

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203273 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Farm procedures have an impact on animal welfare by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that induces a wide array of physiological responses. This adaptive system guarantees that the animal copes with environmental variations and it induces metabolic and molecular changes that can be quantified. [...] Read more.

Farm procedures have an impact on animal welfare by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that induces a wide array of physiological responses. This adaptive system guarantees that the animal copes with environmental variations and it induces metabolic and molecular changes that can be quantified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the regulation of homeostasis and emerging evidence has identified circulating miRNAs as promising biomarkers of stress-related disorders in animals. Based on a clustering analysis of salivary cortisol trends and levels, 20 ewes were classified into two different clusters. The introduction of a ram in the flock was identified as a common farm practice and reference time point to collect saliva samples. Sixteen miRNAs related to the adaptation response were selected. Among them, miR-16b, miR-21, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-27a, miR-99a, and miR-223 were amplified in saliva samples. Cluster 1 was characterized by a lower expression of miR-16b and miR-21 compared with Cluster 2 (p < 0.05). This study identified for the first time several miRNAs expressed in sheep saliva, pointing out significant differences in the expression patterns between the cortisol clusters. In addition, the trend analyses of these miRNAs resulted in clusters (p = 0.017), suggesting the possible cooperation of miR-16b and -21 in the integrated stress responses, as already demonstrated in other species as well. Other research to define the role of these miRNAs is needed, but the evaluation of the salivary miRNAs could support the selection of ewes for different profiles of response to sources of stressors common in the farm scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Stress Impact on Domestic Animals Physiology and Welfare)

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Figure 1
Overview of the experimental design. (a) Saliva was collected from 20 healthy sheep on alternate days 3 times before (PRE) and 3 after (POST) the introduction of a ram into the flock (6 samples/ewe). (b) Cortisol was extracted and two clusters of animals were identified. Saliva miRNAs were extracted, reverse-transcribed, and a panel of 16 miRNAs was amplified in a representative number of samples by qPCR. Specific expressed miRNAs were selected and amplified with qPCR in all samples of the two clusters. Then, statistical analyses were performed to detect DE-miRNAs. The figure is created by I. Manenti using PowerPoint 2021, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA. Icon designed by Freepik. Full article ">Figure 2
(a) Euclidean and (b) correlation clustering of animals based on salivary cortisol. Since according to Euclidean clustering (a), a sample clustered alone is not considerable, for the analyses based on Euclidean clustering, we focused on identifying three clusters to have two clusters comparable with those obtained from correlation-based clustering (b). By overlapping the similar subgroups obtained with the two measures, animals were divided into two clusters. Full article ">Figure 3
Expression of seven miRNAs selected (a–g). miR-16b (a) and miR-21 (b) show significant differences in expression between the two clusters. In the box plots, the thick central line represents the median; the top and bottom lines of the box represent the third quartile and the first quartile; whiskers indicate the variability in the data outside the third and first quartile. The figure shows the statistical significance of the overlap between the two groups determined using a Mann–Whitney U test; * p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 4
(a) miR-16b correlation clustering; (b) miR-21 correlation clustering. The similarity of the clusters was evaluated by the hypergeometric test based on a correlation distance between the two miRNAs’ expression profiles. The overlap of the most similar clusters based on miR-16b and miR-21 is significant (p = 0.017). Full article ">

18 pages, 4672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mammal Roadkills in Lithuanian Urban Areas: A 15-Year Study

by Linas Balčiauskas, Andrius Kučas and Laima Balčiauskienė

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203272 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

We investigated roadkills in urban areas in Lithuania from 2007 to 2022, including two periods with COVID-19 restrictions on people’s movement. We analyzed the proportions of wild and domestic animals in roadkill, annual trends, the predominant species involved, and monthly changes during the [...] Read more.

We investigated roadkills in urban areas in Lithuania from 2007 to 2022, including two periods with COVID-19 restrictions on people’s movement. We analyzed the proportions of wild and domestic animals in roadkill, annual trends, the predominant species involved, and monthly changes during the restrictions. Urban roads were characterized by a low species diversity of roadkilled mammals, with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) dominating. Total numbers increased exponentially during the study period. The proportion of domestic animals, 12.2%, significantly exceeded that on non-urban roads in the country. The proportion of domestic animals decreased from over 40% in 2007–2009 to 3.7–5.4% in 2020–2022, while the proportion of wild mammals increased from 36.1–39.6% to 89.9–90.6%, respectively. During the periods of COVID-19 restrictions, the number of roadkills in urban areas was significantly higher than expected based on long-term trends. Compared to 2019, the number of roadkilled roe deer in 2020–2021 almost doubled from 700 to 1281–1325 individuals. These anthropause effects were, however, temporary. The imbalance between the roadkill number and transport intensity might require new mitigation strategies to sustain mammal populations in urban areas, at least through improving driver awareness on the issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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26 pages, 383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Listen to Us: Perceptions of Animal Voice and Agency

by Anja M. Thomsen, William T. Borrie, Kelly K. Miller and Adam P. A. Cardilini

Animals 2023, 13(20), 3271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203271 - 19 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2236

Abstract

In many contexts, the interests of nonhuman animals (hereafter “animals”) are often overlooked or considered to be a lower priority than those of humans. While strong arguments exist for taking animal moral claims seriously, these largely go unheard due to dominant anthropocentric attitudes [...] Read more.

In many contexts, the interests of nonhuman animals (hereafter “animals”) are often overlooked or considered to be a lower priority than those of humans. While strong arguments exist for taking animal moral claims seriously, these largely go unheard due to dominant anthropocentric attitudes and beliefs. This study aimed to explore how animal interests might be best represented in the human world. We conducted interviews to investigate people’s perceptions of what it means to speak for other animals and who can reliably represent animal interests. Using Grounded Theory analytical methods, we identified one major theme: “Animal voice”, and its subthemes: “Animals do/do not have a voice”, “Human language constructs realities and paradigms”, and “Let animals speak”. Our findings illustrate how human language constructs contribute to shaping the realities of animals by contextually defining them as voiceless. This has serious implications for animals, society, and the environment. Drawing parallels with the relevant literature, our results reflect calls for the social and political recognition of animal voice as fundamental to animal representation. We recommend future research to focus on developing ethical and compassionate approaches to understanding animal subjective experiences to empower and amplify animal voices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

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Animals, Volume 13, Issue 20 (October-2 2023) – 143 articles

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