The Prevalence of Histopathological Features of Pneumonia in Goats with Symptomatic Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis
<p>The severity of three pneumonia types in a study goat population: chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP), purulent bronchopneumonia (PBP), and fibrinous pleuropneumonia (FPP).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The prevalence of three pneumonia types in a study goat population: chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP), purulent bronchopneumonia (PBP), and fibrinous pleuropneumonia (FPP).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Histopathological lesions observed in the chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP): (<b>A</b>) lymphatic nodules hyperplasia (peribronchial and perivascular), interstitial (i.e., peribronchiolar and perialveolar) inflammatory infiltrates composed of macrophages and lymphocytes, interalveolar septum thickening, 100×, H-E; (<b>B</b>) interstitial (i.e., peribronchiolar and perialveolar) inflammatory infiltrates composed of macrophages and lymphocytes, interalveolar septum thickening, 200×, H-E; (<b>C</b>) smooth muscle hyperplasia in the walls of the bronchioles, 400×, H-E; and (<b>D</b>) interstitial connective tissue hyperplasia, 200×, Masson.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Histopathological lesions observed in the purulent bronchopneumonia (PBP), 400×, H-E: (<b>A</b>) peribronchial inflammatory infiltrates composed of neutrophils and lymphocytes, purulent exudate in the lumen of bronchus; (<b>B</b>) focal necrosis of lung parenchyma; and (<b>C</b>) focal atelectasis.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Histopathological lesions observed in the fibrinous pleuropneumonia pattern (FPP): (<b>A</b>) subpleural accumulation of fibrin, 200×, H-E; (<b>B</b>) subpleural accumulation of fibrin, 400×, Weigert; and (<b>C</b>) subpleural connective tissue hyperplasia, 400×, Masson.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Representative images of immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination of caprine lung samples. The immunoreactivity for small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) was developed with DAB chromogen (brown precipitate in the cell’s cytoplasm) and counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) positive immunostaining and (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) negative controls: (<b>A</b>) the bronchiole lined by SRLV-positive epithelial cells (black arrowheads), 200×; (<b>B</b>) the SRLV-positive bronchial epithelial cells (black arrowhead) and a macrophage (white arrowhead) in the peribronchial inflammatory cells, 400×; (<b>C</b>) the SRLV-positive macrophages scattered in the thickened alveolar septa (white arrowheads), 200×; (<b>D</b>) the positive immunostaining of SRLV in the cytoplasm of the bronchial epithelial cells (black arrowhead) and macrophages (white arrowhead), 400×; (<b>E</b>) a negative tissue control, 200×; and (<b>F</b>) an isotype control, 200×.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Serological Status
2.2. Gross and Histopathological Lesions
2.3. Bacterial Infections
2.4. Relationship between Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia and other Respiratory System-Associated Conditions
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Goats and Serological Testing
4.2. Gross Examination
4.3. Histopathological Examination
- Chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP) composed of six lesions [29,50,64,65,66]: (1) lymphatic nodules hyperplasia (peribronchial and perivascular); (2) interstitial (i.e., peribronchiolar and perialveolar) inflammatory infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages; (3) interstitial connective tissue hyperplasia; (4) interalveolar septum thickening; (5) smooth muscle hyperplasia in the walls of the bronchioles; and (6) pneumocyte hyperplasia.
- Purulent bronchopneumonia (PBP) composed of six lesions: (1) peribronchial inflammatory infiltrates mostly composed of neutrophils and some lymphocytes and plasma cells; (2) perivascular inflammatory infiltrates mainly composed of neutrophils, some lymphocytes, and plasma cells; (3) exudate rich in the neutrophils in the lumen of alveoli; (4) focal emphysema; (5) focal atelectasis; and (6) focal necrosis of lung parenchyma.
- Fibrinous pleuropneumonia (FPP) composed of three lesions: (1) interstitial accumulation of fibrin, (2) subpleural accumulation of fibrin, and (3) subpleural connective tissue hyperplasia.
4.4. Bacteriological Examination
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Histopathological Lesion | N (%) of Goats with a Lesion | n (% of N) of Goats with a Lesion of Particular Severity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Moderate | Severe | |||
Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia (CIP) | |||||
1 | Interstitial inflammatory infiltrate composed of macrophages and lymphocytes | 101 (87.1) | 72 (71.3) | 17 (16.8) | 12 (11.9) |
2 | Interstitial connective tissue hyperplasia | 72 (62.1) | 48 (66.7) | 14 (19.4) | 10 (13.9) |
3 | Lymphoid follicles formation | 69 (59.5) | 51 (73.9) | 14 (20.3) | 4 (5.8) |
4 | Smooth muscle hyperplasia | 34 (29.3) | 32 (94.2) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) |
5 | Interstitial septum thickening | 16 (13.8) | 14 (87.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) |
6 | Pneumocyte hyperplasia | 6 (5.2) | 3 (50.0) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) |
Purulent Bronchopneumonia (PBP) | |||||
1 | Peribronchial inflammatory infiltrate composed of neutrophils and lymphocytes | 114 (98.3) | 85 (74.6) | 16 (14.0) | 13 (11.4) |
2 | Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate composed of neutrophils and lymphocytes | 95 (81.9) | 77 (81.1) | 6 (6.3) | 12 (12.6) |
3 | Emphysema | 26 (22.4) | 26 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
4 | Bronchial exudate | 17 (14.7) | 9 (52.9) | 1 (5.9) | 7 (41.2) |
5 | Atelectasis | 13 (11.2) | 12 (92.3) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0) |
6 | Necrosis of lung parenchyma | 10 (8.6) | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0) |
Fibrinous Pleuropneumonia (FPP) | |||||
1 | Subpleural connective tissue hyperplasia | 68 (58.6) | 53 (77.9) | 8 (11.8) | 7 (10.3) |
2 | Subpleural fibrin accumulation | 27 (23.3) | 27 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
3 | Interstitial fibrin accumulation | 15 (12.9) | 14 (93.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.7) |
Bacterial Species | No. of Goats Infected | Prevalence (CI 95%) |
---|---|---|
Gram-Positive | ||
Trueperella pyogenes | 16 | 13.8 (8.7–21.2) |
Staphylococcus spp. | 9 | 7.8 (4.1–14.1) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 8 | 6.9 (3.5–13.0) |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 1 | 0.9 (0.2–4.7) |
Others | ||
Enterococcus sp. | 9 | 7.8 (4.1–14.1) |
α-hemolytic Streptococcus sp. | 6 | 5.2 (2.4–10.8) |
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis | 6 | 5.2 (2.4–10.8) |
Gram-Negative | ||
Enterobacterales | 24 | 20.7 (14.3–28.9) |
Escherichia coli | 20 | 16.8 (11.2–24.5) |
Proteus sp. | 3 | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) |
Enterobacter sp. | 1 | 0.9 (0.2–4.7) |
Pasteurellaceae | 14 | 11.8 (7.1–18.8) |
Mannheimia hemolytica | 8 | 6.7 (3.4–12.7) |
Pasteurella multocida | 6 | 5.2 (2.4–10.8) |
Others | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3 | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) |
Alcaligenes sp. | 1 | 0.9 (0.2–4.7) |
Acinetobacter sp. | 1 | 0.9 (0.2–4.7) |
Respiratory System-Associated Conditions | CIP (n (% of N)) | Prevalence Ratio (CI 95%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present (N = 67) | Absent (N = 49) | |||
Purulent bronchopneumonia (PBP) | 39 (58.2) | 9 (18.4) | 3.17 (1.70–5.92) | <0.001 |
Fibrinous pleuropneumonia (FPP) | 30 (44.8) | 8 (16.3) | 4.16 (1.69–10.2) | 0.001 |
Infection with potential etiological agents of bacterial pneumonia | 28 (41.8) | 12 (24.5) | 1.71 (0.97–3.01) | 0.050 |
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection | 3 (4.5) | 3 (6.1) | 0.73 (0.15–3.47) | 0.696 |
Presence of accidental/commensal microorganisms | 18 (26.9) | 15 (30.6) | 0.88 (0.49–1.56) | 0.659 |
Antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D antigen | 38 (56.7) | 32 (65.3) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) | 0.349 |
Concentration of antibodies to parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) (ng/mL) | 257, 173–540 (75–1494) | 296, 146–53 (39–1454) | – | 0.898 |
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Moroz, A.; Czopowicz, M.; Sobczak-Filipiak, M.; Dolka, I.; Rzewuska, M.; Kizerwetter-Świda, M.; Chrobak-Chmiel, D.; Mickiewicz, M.; Witkowski, L.; Szaluś-Jordanow, O.; et al. The Prevalence of Histopathological Features of Pneumonia in Goats with Symptomatic Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis. Pathogens 2022, 11, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060629
Moroz A, Czopowicz M, Sobczak-Filipiak M, Dolka I, Rzewuska M, Kizerwetter-Świda M, Chrobak-Chmiel D, Mickiewicz M, Witkowski L, Szaluś-Jordanow O, et al. The Prevalence of Histopathological Features of Pneumonia in Goats with Symptomatic Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis. Pathogens. 2022; 11(6):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060629
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoroz, Agata, Michał Czopowicz, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Izabella Dolka, Magdalena Rzewuska, Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda, Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel, Marcin Mickiewicz, Lucjan Witkowski, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, and et al. 2022. "The Prevalence of Histopathological Features of Pneumonia in Goats with Symptomatic Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis" Pathogens 11, no. 6: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060629
APA StyleMoroz, A., Czopowicz, M., Sobczak-Filipiak, M., Dolka, I., Rzewuska, M., Kizerwetter-Świda, M., Chrobak-Chmiel, D., Mickiewicz, M., Witkowski, L., Szaluś-Jordanow, O., Nalbert, T., Potârniche, A. V., Barszcz, K., Markowska-Daniel, I., Puchała, R., Bagnicka, E., & Kaba, J. (2022). The Prevalence of Histopathological Features of Pneumonia in Goats with Symptomatic Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis. Pathogens, 11(6), 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060629