Water Quality Drivers in 11 Gulf of Mexico Estuaries
"> Figure 1
<p>Environmental Protection Agency National Estuary Programs of the Gulf of Mexico studied here.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Summary of the variables, estuaries, time steps and datasets used for statistical analyses.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Plot of Mobile Bay seasonal time-series discharge vs. turbidity proxy anomalies (R<sup>2</sup>adj = 0.570, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.001, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 46).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Plot of Tampa Bay seasonal XE<sub>90</sub> wind speed vs. turbidity proxy anomalies (R<sup>2</sup>adj = 0.707, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.001, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Plot of Barataria Bay weekly XE<sub>95</sub> V-vector vs turbidity proxy anomalies (R<sup>2</sup>adj = 0.355, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.001, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 28).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Areas
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Turbidity Proxy
2.2. Meteorological Data
2.3. River Discharge Data
2.4. Water Level Data
2.5. NAO Data
2.6. ENSO Data
2.7. Preprocessing
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schmidt, N.; Luther, M.E.; Johns, R. Climate variability and estuarine water resources: A case study from Tampa Bay, Florida. Coast. Manag. 2004, 32, 101–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eleveld, M.A.; van der Wal, D.; van Kessel, T. Estuarine suspended particulate matter concentrations from sun-synchronous satellite remote sensing: Tidal and meteorological effects and biases. Remote Sens. Environ. 2014, 143, 204–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, Z.-Y.; Walcott, S.; Kaplan, B.; Cao, J.; Lin, W.; Chen, M.; Liu, D.; Ning, Y. An analysis of the relationship between spatial patterns of water quality and urban development in Shanghai, China. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2005, 29, 197–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno Madriñán, M.J.; Al-Hamdan, M.Z.; Rickman, D.L.; Ye, J. Relationship between watershed land-cover/land-use change and water turbidity status of Tampa Bay major tributaries, Florida, USA. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012, 223, 2093–2109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michalak, A.M. Study role of climate change in extreme threats to water quality. Nature 2016, 535, 349–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Z.; Hu, C.; Conmy, R.N.; Muller-Karger, F.; Swarzenski, P. Colored dissolved organic matter in Tampa Bay, Florida. Mar. Chem. 2007, 104, 98–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, R.L.; Liu, C.-C.; Buonassissi, C.J.; Wu, A.-M. A multi-sensor approach to examining the distribution of total suspended matter (TSM) in the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, NC, USA. Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 962–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waters, O.C.U.C.; Southeastern, O.C.; Hawaii, A.O.C.; Rico, O.C.P.; Poor, G.; Poor, G.F.; Islands, U.V.; Guam, O.C.; Poor, F.; Poor, F.G.F.; et al. National Coastal Condition Report IV; Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
- Janicki, A.; Pribble, R.; Janicki, S.; Winowitch, M. An Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Tampa Bay Water Quality; Janicki Environmental, Inc.: St. Petersburg, FL, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Greening, H.; Janicki, A.; Sherwood, E.T.; Pribble, R.; Johansson, J.O.R. Ecosystem responses to long-term nutrient management in an urban estuary: Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2014, 151, A1–A16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Taani, A.A. Trend analysis in water quality of Al-Wehda Dam, north of Jordan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2014, 186, 6223–6239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jordan, Y.C.; Ghulam, A.; Herrmann, R.B. Floodplain ecosystem response to climate variability and land-cover and land-use change in lower Missouri River basin. Landsc. Ecol. 2012, 27, 843–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Z.; Hu, C.; Muller-Karger, F. Monitoring turbidity in Tampa Bay using MODIS/Aqua 250-m imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 109, 207–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Z.; Muller-Karger, F.E.; Hu, C. Remote sensing of water clarity in Tampa Bay. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 109, 249–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, C.; Chen, Z.; Clayton, T.D.; Swarzenski, P.; Brock, J.C.; Muller–Karger, F.E. Assessment of estuarine water-quality indicators using MODIS medium-resolution bands: Initial results from Tampa Bay, FL. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 93, 423–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schoen, J.H.; Stretch, D.D.; Tirok, K. Wind-driven circulation patterns in a shallow estuarine lake: St. Lucia, South Africa. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2014, 146, 49–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dixon, J.L.; Osburn, C.L.; Paerl, H.W.; Peierls, B.L. Seasonal changes in estuarine dissolved organic matter due to variable flushing time and wind-driven mixing events. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2014, 151, 210–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoker, Y.E.; Levesque, V.A.; Woodham, W.M. The Effect of Discharge and Water Quality of the Alafia River, Hillsborough River, and the Tampa Bypass Canal on Nutrient Loading to Hillsborough Bay, Florida; Water-Resources Investigations 95-4107; U.S. Geological Survey: Tallahassee, FL, USA, 1996.
- Fernández-Nóvoa, D.; Mendes, R.; deCastro, M.; Dias, J.M.; Sánchez-Arcilla, A.; Gómez-Gesteira, M. Analysis of the influence of river discharge and wind on the Ebro turbid plume using MODIS-Aqua and MODIS-Terra data. J. Mar. Syst. 2015, 142, 40–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dorado, S.; Booe, T.; Steichen, J.; McInnes, A.S.; Windham, R.; Shepard, A.; Lucchese, A.E.; Preischel, H.; Pinckney, J.L.; Davis, S.E.; et al. Towards an understanding of the interactions between freshwater inflows and phytoplankton communities in a subtropical estuary in the Gulf of Mexico. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0130931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Z.; Hu, C.; Muller-Karger, F.E.; Luther, M.E. Short-term variability of suspended sediment and phytoplankton in Tampa Bay, Florida: Observations from a coastal oceanographic tower and ocean color satellites. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2010, 89, 62–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wahl, T.; Calafat, F.M.; Luther, M.E. Rapid changes in the seasonal sea level cycle along the US Gulf coast from the late 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 491–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scarsbrook, M.R.; McBride, C.G.; McBride, G.B.; Bryers, G.G. Effects of climate variability on rivers: Consequences for long term water quality analysis. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2003, 39, 1435–1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, N.; Lipp, E.K.; Rose, J.B.; Luther, M.E. ENSO influences on seasonal rainfall and river discharge in Florida. J. Clim. 2001, 14, 615–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hurrell, J.W.; Kushnir, Y.; Ottersen, G.; Visbeck, M. An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. In The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact; Hurrell, J.W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., Visbeck, M., Eds.; American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Stenseth, N.C.; Ottersen, G.; Hurrell, J.W.; Mysterud, A.; Lima, M.; Chan, K.S.; Yoccoz, N.G.; Adlandsvik, B. Review article. Studying climate effects on ecology through the use of climate indices: The North Atlantic Oscillation, El Nino Southern Oscillation and beyond. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2003, 270, 2087–2096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kenyon, J.; Hegerl, G.C. Influence of modes of climate variability on global precipitation extremes. J. Clim. 2010, 23, 6248–6262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sokoletsky, L.G.; Lunetta, R.S.; Wetz, M.S.; Paerl, H.W. MERIS retrieval of water quality components in the turbid Albemarle-Pamlico Sound estuary, USA. Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 684–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, R.E.; Rabalais, N.N.; Fry, B.; Atilla, N.; Milan, C.S.; Lee, J.M.; Normandeau, C.; Oswald, T.A.; Swenson, E.M.; Tomasko, D.A. Paleo-indicators and water quality change in the Charlotte Harbor estuary (Florida). Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51, 518–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dixon, L.K.; Vargo, G.A.; Johansson, J.O.R.; Montgomery, R.T.; Neely, M.B. Trends and explanatory variables for the major phytoplankton groups of two southwestern Florida estuaries, U.S.A. J. Sea Res. 2009, 61, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roman, C.B.; Estes, M.G.; Al-Hamdan, M.Z. Impacts of land use and climate change on hydrologic processes in shallow aquatic ecosystems. In Proceedings of the OCEANS 2011, Santander, Spain, 6–9 June 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Pulich, W. Seagrass Status and Trends in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: 1940–2002; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, USA, 2007; pp. 41–59.
- Miller, R.L.; McKee, B.A. Using MODIS Terra 250 m imagery to map concentrations of total suspended matter in coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 93, 259–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zawada, D.G.; Hu, C.; Clayton, T.; Chen, Z.; Brock, J.C.; Muller-Karger, F.E. Remote sensing of particle backscattering in Chesapeake Bay: A 6-year SeaWIFS retrospective view. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2007, 73, 792–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno-Madrinan, M.J.; Al-Hamdan, M.Z.; Rickman, D.L.; Muller-Karger, F.E. Using the surface reflectance MODIS Terra product to estimate turbidity in Tampa Bay, Florida. Remote Sens. 2010, 2, 2713–2728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aurin, D.; Mannino, A.; Franz, B. Spatially resolving ocean color and sediment dispersion in river plumes, coastal systems, and continental shelf waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 2013, 137, 212–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lahet, F.; Stramski, D. MODIS imagery of turbid plumes in San Diego coastal waters during rainstorm events. Remote Sens. Environ. 2010, 114, 332–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamidi, S.A.; Hosseiny, H.; Ekhtari, N.; Khazaei, B. Using MODIS remote sensing data for mapping the spatio-temporal variability of water quality and river turbid plume. J. Coast. Conserv. 2017, 21, 939–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joshi, I.D.; D’Sa, E.J.; Osburn, C.L.; Bianchi, T.S. Turbidity in Apalachicola Bay, Florida from Landsat 5 tm and field data: Seasonal patterns and response to extreme events. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon, H.R.; Clark, D.K. Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery. Appl. Opt. 1981, 20, 4175–4180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, M.; Shi, W. The NIR-SWIR combined atmospheric correction approach for MODIS ocean color data processing. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 15722–15733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wollenberg, A.L.V.D. Redundancy analysis: An alternative for canonical correlation analysis. Psychometrika 1977, 42, 207–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akaike, H. Information theory and an extension of maximum likelihood principle. In Second International Symposium on Information Theory; Petrov, B.N., Csaki, F., Eds.; Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, Hungary, 1973; pp. 267–281. [Google Scholar]
- Yamaoka, K.; Nakagawa, T.; Uno, T. Application of Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) in the evaluation of linear pharmacokinetic equations. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1977, 6, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joshi, I.; D’Sa, E. Seasonal variation of colored dissolved organic matter in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, using combined Landsat and field data. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 12478–12502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paudel, B. Interactions between Suspended Sediments, Nutrients and Freshwater Inflow in Texas Estuaries. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Zheng, G.; DiGiacomo, P.M. Uncertainties and applications of satellite-derived coastal water quality products. Prog. Oceanogr. 2017, 159, 45–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sokoletsky, L.; Fang, S.; Yang, X.; Wei, X. Evaluation of empirical and semianalytical spectral reflectance models for surface suspended sediment concentration in the highly variable estuarine and coastal waters of East China. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. 2016, 9, 5182–5192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Sokoletsky, L.; Wei, X.; Shen, F. Suspended sediment concentration mapping based on the MODIS satellite imagery in the East China inland, estuarine, and coastal waters. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 2016, 35, 39–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muller-Karger, F.E.; Smith, J.P.; Werner, S.; Chen, R.; Roffer, M.; Liu, Y.; Muhling, B.; Lindo-Atichati, D.; Lamkin, J.; Cerdeira-Estrada, S.; et al. Natural variability of surface oceanographic conditions in the offshore Gulf of Mexico. Prog. Oceanogr. 2015, 134, 54–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
NEP | Surface Water Area (km2) | Watershed Area (km2) | Average Depth (m) | Year Designated |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barataria/Terrebonne | 415/1090 | 16,500 | 2.0 | 1990 |
Charlotte Harbor | 805 | 12,200 | 2.4 | 1995 |
Coastal Bend Bays | 1330 | 32,580 | 3.0 | 1994 |
Galveston Bay | 1550 | 12,500 | 2.1 | 1988 |
Mobile Bay | 1059 | 113,084 | 3.0 | 1995 |
Sarasota Bay | 106 | 1100 | 2.0 | 1988 |
Tampa Bay | 1000 | 6800 | 3.6 | 1990 |
Estuary | Meteorological Station | River Discharge | Water Level Stations |
---|---|---|---|
ARB | Corpus Christi, TX | Mission | Rockport, TX |
BTB | Houma, LA | GIWW at Houma | Grand Isle, LA |
CCB | Corpus Christi, TX | Nueces | Rockport, TX |
CH | Punta Gorda, FL | Myakka and Peace | Fort Myers, FL |
GB | Galveston, TX | Trinity | Eagle Point, TX |
MB | Mobile, AL | Alabama and Tombigbee | Dauphin Island, AL |
MGB | Corpus Christi, TX | Lavaca and Palacios | Rockport, TX |
SAB | Corpus Christi, TX | Guadelupe | Rockport, TX |
SB | Sarasota, FL | Walker | Saint Petersburg, FL |
TB | Tampa, FL | Alafia and Little Manatee | Saint Petersburg, FL |
TBB | Houma, LA | GIWW at Houma | Port Fourchon, LA |
Wind Speed | U | V | Precipitation | Discharge | Water Level | NAO | ENSO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARB | 1 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] |
BTB | 2 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [1] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] |
CCB | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [1] | 0 (0) [0] | 2 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 1 (2) [0] |
CH | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [1] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] |
GB | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] |
MB | 3 (1) [0] | 2 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 4 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] |
MGB | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 2 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] |
SAB | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [1] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] |
SB | 0 (1) [1] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] |
TBB | 0 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] |
TB | 0 (1) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 2 (0) [0] |
Total | 8 (4) [1] | 3 (2) [1] | 1 (1) [2] | 1 (1) [0] | 9 (2) [0] | 1 (0) [1] | 1 (1) [0] | 3 (6) [0] |
Wind Speed | U | V | Precipitation | Discharge | Water Level | NAO | ENSO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly | 1 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [1] | 1 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] |
Monthly | 2 (2) [1] | 0 (2) [1] | 0 (1) [1] | 0 (1) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [1] | 0 (1) [0] | 1 (2) [0] |
Seasonal | 3 (2) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 4 (2) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 1 (4) [0] |
Annual | 2 (0) [0] | 2 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 3 (0) [0] | 0 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] | 1 (0) [0] |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
McCarthy, M.J.; Otis, D.B.; Méndez-Lázaro, P.; Muller-Karger, F.E. Water Quality Drivers in 11 Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020255
McCarthy MJ, Otis DB, Méndez-Lázaro P, Muller-Karger FE. Water Quality Drivers in 11 Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(2):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020255
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcCarthy, Matthew J., Daniel B. Otis, Pablo Méndez-Lázaro, and Frank E. Muller-Karger. 2018. "Water Quality Drivers in 11 Gulf of Mexico Estuaries" Remote Sensing 10, no. 2: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020255
APA StyleMcCarthy, M. J., Otis, D. B., Méndez-Lázaro, P., & Muller-Karger, F. E. (2018). Water Quality Drivers in 11 Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Remote Sensing, 10(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020255