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Sustainability, Volume 7, Issue 6 (June 2015) – 80 articles , Pages 6336-8050

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1025 KiB  
Article
Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links
by Edeltraud Haselsteiner, Barbara Smetschka, Alexander Remesch and Veronika Gaube
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 8022-8050; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7068022 - 23 Jun 2015
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9110
Abstract
Linking time use of the inhabitants of a city with their energy consumption and urban form is an approach which allows integration of the social dimension into research on sustainable urban development. While much has been written about the planning of cities and [...] Read more.
Linking time use of the inhabitants of a city with their energy consumption and urban form is an approach which allows integration of the social dimension into research on sustainable urban development. While much has been written about the planning of cities and its implications for human social life, the question of the relationship between time-use patterns and urban form remains underexplored. This is all the more astonishing as time-use statistics offer a unique tool for analysing socio-economic changes regarding family and household structures, gender relations, working hours, recreational behaviour and consumption patterns. Furthermore, spatial planning plays a significant role in establishing time structures. With this paper we aim to explore the possibility of using the time-use data of an urban population to find links between individual time-use patterns and urban form. We describe a case study in Vienna where we addressed time use and mobility of citizens in a participatory approach to jointly develop an integrated socio-ecological model of urban time-use patterns and energy consumption. Full article
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<p>Classification of each neighbourhood area resulting from the cluster analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Map of Vienna showing the 23 administrative districts (bold lines), the 250 neighbourhood areas (thin lines) and the location of the study area (“<span class="html-italic">Fasanviertel</span>”).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Fasanviertel</span>, Orthophoto [<a href="#B104-sustainability-07-08022" class="html-bibr">104</a>]; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Fasanviertel</span>, Flächenwidmung- und Bebauungsplan [<a href="#B104-sustainability-07-08022" class="html-bibr">104</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Case study area <span class="html-italic">Fasanviertel</span>, urban infrastructure [<a href="#B105-sustainability-07-08022" class="html-bibr">105</a>,<a href="#B106-sustainability-07-08022" class="html-bibr">106</a>,<a href="#B107-sustainability-07-08022" class="html-bibr">107</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>UTE model components.</p> Full article ">
111 KiB  
Article
Charity Starts … at Work? Conceptual Foundations for Research with Businesses that Donate to Food Redistribution Organisations
by Elisha Vlaholias, Kirrilly Thompson, Danielle Every and Drew Dawson
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7997-8021; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067997 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 11591
Abstract
As global concern about sustainability, food waste, and poverty increases, there is an urgent need to understand what motivates businesses to adopt pro-social and pro-environmental behaviours. This paper suggests that food redistribution organisations hold both pro-social and pro-environmental aims, due to their concern [...] Read more.
As global concern about sustainability, food waste, and poverty increases, there is an urgent need to understand what motivates businesses to adopt pro-social and pro-environmental behaviours. This paper suggests that food redistribution organisations hold both pro-social and pro-environmental aims, due to their concern with reducing food surplus and food insecurity. To achieve this, they must motivate food businesses to donate their surplus food. However, little is known about the values, attitudes, and motives of food industry donors. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical and conceptual overview to set out principles from which empirical data on food redistribution will be analysed or critiqued. Specifically, it explores pro-social and pro-environmental literature, as these fields have examined the motivations behind donations and reducing environmental impact. This review highlights that charitable giving of food is different to other inorganic material, such as money. Thus, future research is needed to capture the unique temporal, emotional, social, and environmental factors that motivate food donations. This information may contribute to the development of strategies that target and motivate people from the food industry to become food donors. Alternatively, it may reveal concerns about food donations, and highlight the need for other approaches to food waste and food insecurity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding, Measuring and Avoiding Food Waste across the Food Chain)
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984 KiB  
Article
Profiling Space Heating Behavior in Chilean Social Housing: Towards Personalization of Energy Efficiency Measures
by Victor Bunster and Masa Noguchi
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7973-7996; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067973 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6384
Abstract
Global increases in the demand for energy are imposing strong pressures over the environment while compromising the capacity of emerging economies to achieve sustainable development. In this context, implementation of effective strategies to reduce consumption in residential buildings has become a priority concern [...] Read more.
Global increases in the demand for energy are imposing strong pressures over the environment while compromising the capacity of emerging economies to achieve sustainable development. In this context, implementation of effective strategies to reduce consumption in residential buildings has become a priority concern for policy makers as minor changes at the household scale can result in major energy savings. This study aims to contribute to ongoing research on energy consumer profiling by exploring the forecasting capabilities of discrete socio-economic factors that are accessible through social housing allocation systems. Accordingly, survey data gathered by the Chilean Ministry of Social Development was used identify key characteristics that may predict firewood usage for space heating purposes among potential beneficiaries of the Chilean social housing program. The analyzed data evidences strong correlations between general household characteristics and space heating behavior in certain climatic zones, suggesting that personalized delivery of energy efficiency measures can potentially increase the effectiveness of initiatives aimed towards the reduction of current patterns of consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ZEMCH Research Initiatives: Mass Customisation and Sustainability)
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<p>Social housing development in Los Angeles, southern Chile.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Mean, maximum and minimum number of people per dwelling by quintile contrasted to the Solidary Fund of Housing Choice (SFHC) target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Overcrowding index per quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Presence of secondary households (<b>left</b>) and number of nuclei (<b>right</b>) per dwelling by quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Age segments and gender distribution in SFHC target population (<b>left</b>) and total population (<b>right</b>); positive numbers show males and negative numbers show females [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Head of household gender ratio (<b>left</b>) and marital status (<b>right</b>) by quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Distribution of the main occupation by qualification level (<b>left</b>) and category (<b>right</b>) by quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Distribution of work shifts by quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Distribution of employment type by quintile and in the SFHC population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Autonomous income and monetary subsidies in Chilean pesos by quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Percentage of people with disabilities by type (<b>left</b>) and mean declared health mark by quintile and SFHC target population (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Main building materials of walls (<b>left</b>) and roofs (<b>right</b>) by climatic zone [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Use of firewood for space heating (<b>left</b>) and total annual consumption in kilograms (<b>right</b>) by quintile and in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Percentage of dwellings that declare use of firewood for space heating and average annual consumption in kilograms by geographic region [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Percentage of dwellings that declare use of firewood for space heating and average annual consumption in kilograms by climatic zone [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Two-step cluster analysis of the number of users per dwelling of the SFHC group (<b>left</b>) and of the total population (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Two-step cluster analysis of the main age segments found in the SFHC target population [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Results of two-step cluster analysis of autonomous income (<b>left</b>) and number of users (<b>right</b>) by annual firewood consumption (x axis) [<a href="#B35-sustainability-07-07973" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">
330 KiB  
Article
Neutralisation and Mental Accounting in Ethical Consumption: The Case of Sustainable Holidays
by Larissa Schütte and Diana Gregory-Smith
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7959-7972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067959 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8257
Abstract
The present research aimed to investigate the decision-making process for sustainable holidays, as a type of ethical consumption related to environmental welfare. Using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 German holidaymakers of different ages, it was found that individuals use cognitive processes such as [...] Read more.
The present research aimed to investigate the decision-making process for sustainable holidays, as a type of ethical consumption related to environmental welfare. Using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 German holidaymakers of different ages, it was found that individuals use cognitive processes such as neutralisation and mental accounting to justify their unethical/unsustainable choices and to manage negative emotions. The findings also indicated a lack of spillovers between sustainable behaviours at home and holiday-related behaviours. This could be explained by the identification of “ethical” and “unethical” mental accounts, which the interviewees have disclosed. When the compensation between the two types of mental accounts takes place, neutralisation is not used. It was also found that positive and negative emotions could motivate the choice of sustainable holidays. These findings have implications in relation to marketing communications aimed at creating awareness and encouraging the purchase of sustainable holidays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Marketers in Sustainable Production and Consumption)
186 KiB  
Article
Optimum Fisheries Management under Climate Variability: Evidence from Artisanal Marine Fishing in Ghana
by Wisdom Akpalu, Isaac Dasmani and Ametefee K. Normanyo
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7942-7958; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067942 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5979
Abstract
In most developing coastal countries, the artisanal fisheries sector is managed as a common pool resource. As a result, such fisheries are overcapitalized and overfished. In Ghana, in addition to anthropogenic factors, there is evidence of rising coastal temperature and its variance, which [...] Read more.
In most developing coastal countries, the artisanal fisheries sector is managed as a common pool resource. As a result, such fisheries are overcapitalized and overfished. In Ghana, in addition to anthropogenic factors, there is evidence of rising coastal temperature and its variance, which could impact the environmental carrying capacity of the fish stock. This study investigates the effect of climate variation on biophysical parameters and yields. Our results indicate that the rising temperature is decreasing the carrying capacity. As a result, an optimum tax on harvest must reflect climate variability, as well as the congestion externality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economics of climate change impacts on developing countries: Selected studies on Sub-Sahara Africa and South-East Asia)
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<p>The flow chart of the impact of atmospheric temperature on fish yield. Source: own compilation.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Trends in catch per unit effort of artisanal stocks (1992–2008); Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Trends in coastal temperature (1972–2008); Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Trends in the variance of coastal temperature (1972–2008); (<b>b</b>) Trends in the variance of coastal temperature (1990–2008); Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Actual and optimal catches of artisanal stocks in Ghana; Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Misperceived stock due to ignorance of climate impact in Ghana. Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Optimum tax rates and change in annual temperature. Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Actual and predicted values of atmospheric temperature. Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Actual and predicted values of change in variance of annual temperature. Source: own illustration.</p> Full article ">
400 KiB  
Article
Tenure Insecurity, Climate Variability and Renting out Decisions among Female Small-Holder Farmers in Ethiopia
by Wisdom Akpalu and Mintewab Bezabih
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7926-7941; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067926 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4859
Abstract
Land tenure arrangements in Africa are generally skewed in favour of males. Compared to males, female plot owners face complex sets of constraints and systemic high tenure insecurity which culminate in low yields. In order to obtain better returns, some females rent their [...] Read more.
Land tenure arrangements in Africa are generally skewed in favour of males. Compared to males, female plot owners face complex sets of constraints and systemic high tenure insecurity which culminate in low yields. In order to obtain better returns, some females rent their plots to males, but risk losing the plots to their tenants. A model has been constructed to explain renting-out decisions of female small landholders, an issue largely ignored in the agricultural economics literature. The results, based on a survey of female landholders in Ethiopia, highlight the factors that explain renting-out decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economics of climate change impacts on developing countries: Selected studies on Sub-Sahara Africa and South-East Asia)
593 KiB  
Article
An Inquiry into the Life Cycle of Systems of Inner Walls: Comparison of Masonry and Drywall
by Karina Condeixa, Eduardo Qualharini, Dieter Boer and Assed Haddad
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7904-7925; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067904 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6856
Abstract
Life Cycle Assessment is a methodology that investigates impacts linked to a product or service during its entire life cycle. Life Cycle Assessment studies investigate processes and sub-processes in a fragmented way to ascertain their inputs, outputs and emissions and get an overview [...] Read more.
Life Cycle Assessment is a methodology that investigates impacts linked to a product or service during its entire life cycle. Life Cycle Assessment studies investigate processes and sub-processes in a fragmented way to ascertain their inputs, outputs and emissions and get an overview of the generating sources of their environmental loads. The lifecycle concept involves all direct and indirect processes of the studied object. This article aims to model the material flows in the masonry and drywall systems and internal walls in a Brazilian scenario, and calculate the climate change impacts generated by the transport of the component materials of the systems. Internal walls of a residential dwelling in Rio de Janeiro are analyzed from a qualitative inventory of all life cycles with an analysis of material flows, based on technical and academic literature. All Life Cycle Impact Assessment of the systems is carried out with international data from the database, and using the IPCC2013 method for climate change impacts. This study disregards the refurbishment and possible extensions within the use phase. Thus, the inventory identifies weaknesses of the systems while the impact assessment validates the results. This study allows us a complete understanding about the inner walls systems in the Brazilian scenario, evidencing its main weaknesses and subsidizes decision-making for the industry and for planning of the new buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Material flows for masonry inner walls; (<b>b</b>) Material flows for drywall inner walls.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Material flows for masonry inner walls.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Partial and total impacts of masonry; (<b>b</b>) Partial and total impacts of drywall.</p> Full article ">
679 KiB  
Review
Moving towards a Competitive Fully Enzymatic Biodiesel Process
by Silvia Cesarini, F. I. Javier Pastor, Per M. Nielsen and Pilar Diaz
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7884-7903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067884 - 18 Jun 2015
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9378
Abstract
Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis can solve several problems posed by the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification but it has the drawback of being too expensive to be considered competitive. Costs can be reduced by lipase improvement, use of unrefined oils, evaluation of soluble/immobilized lipase preparations, and by [...] Read more.
Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis can solve several problems posed by the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification but it has the drawback of being too expensive to be considered competitive. Costs can be reduced by lipase improvement, use of unrefined oils, evaluation of soluble/immobilized lipase preparations, and by combination of phospholipases with a soluble lipase for biodiesel production in a single step. As shown here, convenient natural tools have been developed that allow synthesis of high quality FAMEs (EN14214) from unrefined oils in a completely enzymatic single-step process, making it fully competitive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Use of Biomass Energy)
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Figure 1
<p>Schematic model of the enzymatic transesterification reaction for FAMEs synthesis from triacyl-glycerides.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Structural 3D model of <span class="html-italic">Pseudomonas</span> sp. 42A2 LipC displaying the sites chosen for saturation mutagenesis. Site-directed saturation mutagenesis was performed on the highlighted residues after rational protein design. The two residues modified in thermostable mutant D2_H8 are depicted by arrows and colored in orange and purple.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Putative feedstocks for biodiesel production. Edible oils must go through a refining process that significantly increases their costs. Refining is also a requirement for chemical biodiesel production but not for the enzymatic process, which can proceed even in the presence of FFAs and phosphatides. For other oils, only extraction would be required for the enzymatic process. Therefore, as shown here, the use of crude oils may contribute to high cost reductions, thus making the enzymatic process more economically competitive.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Mode of action of lipase Callera Trans L when used in a low water system (3% water). From the HPLC analysis of the reaction products, it can be concluded that an initial hydrolysis releases FFAs, MAGs and DAGs from the original oil (mostly TAGs). All these products are good substrates for Callera Trans L, which then proceeds to FAMEs formation through esterification of the FFAs with methanol. Although most of the reaction occurs through hydrolysis followed by esterification, the results indicate that some transesterification occurs as well since the beginning of the reaction, where the enzyme uses the TAGs present in the oil for FAMEs synthesis. Reaction conditions were: crude soybean oil (7.8% FFAs; 690 ppm P); 1.5 equivalents. MeOH added at <span class="html-italic">t</span> = 0, 3 h, 5 h, 7 h; 1% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">w</span> Callera Trans L; T = 35 °C; mixing: 200 rpm; and reaction time: 24 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Schematic representation of phospholipids combined with metal cations as can be found in most unrefined, non-degummed oils. In order to disrupt the phospholipid micelles for gums removal, ions must be chelated, a process that involves acid treatment with high-shear mixing of the oil at high temperatures. Once the micelles are disrupted, the phosphorous group can be removed to produce DAGs with a more hydrophobic moiety, adequate for enzymatic FAMEs synthesis.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Schematic representation of the combined enzymatic degumming-transesterification reaction performed using phospholipases and lipase Callera Trans L for a more competitive FAMEs synthesis from soybean oil. As shown in the combined process developed here for soybean oil, the acid treatment can be skipped as methanol, one of the substrates of the reaction, can disrupt the micelles and dissolve the gums (<b>A</b>). Further phospholipase treatment contributes to remove the phosphate group (PLC), whereas the fatty acids at positions 1 and 2 can be released by a PLA<sub>1</sub> and LLPL-2, respectively, (<b>B</b>) to provide extra FFAs, which will then be converted into FAMEs by Callera Trans L esterification activity (<b>C</b>).</p> Full article ">
1189 KiB  
Article
Environmental Impacts and Embodied Energy of Construction Methods and Materials in Low-Income Tropical Housing
by Arman Hashemi, Heather Cruickshank and Ali Cheshmehzangi
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7866-7883; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067866 - 18 Jun 2015
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 16540
Abstract
This paper evaluates the current conditions of Ugandan low-income tropical housing with a focus on construction methods and materials in order to identify the key areas for improvement. Literature review, site visits and photographic surveys are carried out to collect relevant information on [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the current conditions of Ugandan low-income tropical housing with a focus on construction methods and materials in order to identify the key areas for improvement. Literature review, site visits and photographic surveys are carried out to collect relevant information on prevailing construction methods/materials and on their environmental impacts in rural areas. Low quality, high waste, and energy intensive production methods, as well as excessive soil extraction and deforestation, are identified as the main environmental damage of the current construction methods and materials. The embodied energy is highlighted as the key area which should be addressed to reduce the CO2 emissions of low-income tropical housing. The results indicate that the embodied energy of fired bricks in Uganda is up to 5.7 times more than general clay bricks. Concrete walling is identified as a much more environmentally friendly construction method compared to brick walling in East African countries. Improving fuel efficiency and moulding systems, increasing access to renewable energy sources, raising public awareness, educating local manufacturers and artisans, and gradual long-term introduction of innovative construction methods and materials which are adapted to local needs and conditions are some of the recommended actions to improve the current conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ZEMCH Research Initiatives: Mass Customisation and Sustainability)
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<p>Ugandan Economy in 2011 (%). Source of table: [<a href="#B20-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Types of dwelling and tenure in Uganda (2009/2010). Source of table: [<a href="#B23-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Average number of bedrooms (2009/2010–2011). Source of table: [<a href="#B9-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B23-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Average household size and sleeping occupants in each room (2009/2010–2011). Source of table: [<a href="#B9-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B23-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Main types of construction materials in 2009/2010 (%). Source of table: [<a href="#B23-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Iron sheet roof (<b>left</b>) and thatched roof (<b>right</b>). Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Cob (<b>left</b>); Mud and Poles (<b>right</b>). Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Inefficient production processes of burned bricks and use of local wood contribute to deforestation. Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Excessive use of mortar increases the environmental damage as well as the overall construction costs. Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Interlocking bricks can be an alternative for burned bricks. Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Adobe is one of the most environmentally friendly construction materials. Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Excessive soil extraction damages agriculture and may affect people’s health. Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Cement production/consumption during 2007–2011. Source of table: [<a href="#B20-sustainability-07-07866" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>The share of concrete construction is increasing rapidly. Source: The authors.</p> Full article ">
876 KiB  
Review
What Is Sustainable Agriculture? A Systematic Review
by Sarah Velten, Julia Leventon, Nicolas Jager and Jens Newig
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7833-7865; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067833 - 18 Jun 2015
Cited by 270 | Viewed by 55287
Abstract
The idea of a sustainable agriculture has gained prominence since the publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987. Yet, the concept of sustainable agriculture is very vague and ambiguous in its meaning, which renders its use and implementation extremely difficult. In this systematic [...] Read more.
The idea of a sustainable agriculture has gained prominence since the publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987. Yet, the concept of sustainable agriculture is very vague and ambiguous in its meaning, which renders its use and implementation extremely difficult. In this systematic review paper, we aim to advance understandings of sustainable agriculture from a social science and governance perspective by identifying areas of complementarity and concern between emerging definitions of sustainable agriculture. For this purpose, we conducted a structured literature review in combination with a cluster analysis in order to (1) identify the overall ideas and aspects associated with sustainable agriculture; (2) detect patterns and differences in how these ideas and aspects are adopted or applied; (3) evaluate how the different ideas and aspects of sustainable agriculture are combined in the scientific debate, and assess whether these different conceptions match with those that have been claimed to exist in the debate. There are two valuable outcomes from this research. The first is a framework for understanding the components of sustainable agriculture. The second outcome is in highlighting ways for actors involved with sustainable agriculture to deal with the complexity and multiplicity of this concept in a constructive manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
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<p>Groups and themes of the sustainable agriculture framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Total share of publications mentioning the different themes in the group of Goals, the group of Strategies, and the group of Fields of Action.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Breadth of focus of the journal articles. Journal articles attributed to “production” consider only the stage of agricultural production; publications with a supply chain focus take into account both production of agricultural goods and the subsequent marketing and distribution; articles considering the food system look at production, distribution and also consumption of agricultural produce.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Distribution of the journal articles regarding the discipline they originate from. Journal articles were attributed to a discipline according to the discipline/affiliation of the first author.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Dendrogram showing the six clusters and the instances belonging to each cluster.</p> Full article ">
640 KiB  
Article
Drugs and Protected Areas: Coca Cultivation and Social Acceptance of Bahuaja-Sonene National Park in Peru
by Jaqueline Garcia-Yi
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7806-7832; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067806 - 18 Jun 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5478
Abstract
Cocaine is extracted from coca: a native bush from the Amazon rainforest. Coca is mostly grown in remote areas to avoid government intervention, and it has been increasingly cultivated inside protected areas (PAs). The effects of coca cultivation on the preservation of PAs [...] Read more.
Cocaine is extracted from coca: a native bush from the Amazon rainforest. Coca is mostly grown in remote areas to avoid government intervention, and it has been increasingly cultivated inside protected areas (PAs). The effects of coca cultivation on the preservation of PAs are largely unknown. This research uses panel data (2006–2008) from a total of 684 farmers to evaluate the influence of coca growing on the acceptance of PAs, using as case study a farmer community located within the buffer zone of Bahuaja-Sonene National Park (Peru). All farmers are coffee growers and some complement their income with coca production. The area has not been subject of forced coca eradication activities. The data were analyzed using probit models with covariance matrix correction for cluster errors by year, with and without interaction effects. The results suggest that coca growers are more likely to state a positive opinion about the PA than non-coca growers. This may reflect the fact that non-coca growers need extensive areas of land for coffee cultivation in order to approach the economic benefits obtained by farmers who also grow coca. However the likelihood of stating a positive opinion by coca growers decreases the higher the perception that coca cultivation has increased in the region. Coca growers may be afraid that large coca areas would lead to the implementation of forced eradication activities. In such a case, the BSNP would restrict the access to remote land resources, which in turn decreases the support for this PA. Full article
250 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities
by Dorina Pojani and Dominic Stead
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7784-7805; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067784 - 17 Jun 2015
Cited by 355 | Viewed by 35380
Abstract
Megacities have frequently received a disproportionate amount of attention over other sizes of cities in recent discourse on urban sustainability. In this article, the authors argue that a focus on smaller and medium-sized cities is crucial to achieving substantial progress towards more sustainable [...] Read more.
Megacities have frequently received a disproportionate amount of attention over other sizes of cities in recent discourse on urban sustainability. In this article, the authors argue that a focus on smaller and medium-sized cities is crucial to achieving substantial progress towards more sustainable urban development, not only because they are home to at least a quarter of the world’s population but because they also offer great potential for sustainable transformations. In principle, their size allows for flexibility in terms of urban expansion, adoption of “green” travel modes, and environmental protection. At the same time, smaller and medium-sized cities often have fewer resources to implement new transport measures and can be more vulnerable to fluctuations in the world economy. This article critically reviews the potential role and impact of nine commonly considered options for sustainable urban transport in cities in developing countries: (1) road infrastructure; (2) rail-based public transport; (3) road-based public transport; (4) support for non-motorized travel modes; (5) technological solutions; (6) awareness-raising campaigns; (7) pricing mechanisms; (8) vehicle access restrictions; and (9) control of land-uses. Drawing on international research and examples of policies to reduce the environmental impacts of transport in urban areas, this article identifies some key lessons for sustainable urban transport in smaller and medium-sized cities in developing countries. These lessons are certainly not always identical to those for megacities in the global south. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning, Development and Management of Sustainable Cities)
846 KiB  
Article
Identifying Strategic Factors of the Implantation CSR in the Airline Industry: The Case of Asia-Pacific Airlines
by Dong-Shang Chang, Sheng-Hung Chen, Chia-Wei Hsu and Allen H. Hu
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7762-7783; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067762 - 17 Jun 2015
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 16627
Abstract
Sustainable development has always been the objective of many fields, including the tourism and transportation sector. However, a major part of this sector, the airline industry, deals with many negative impacts, such as air pollution, noise, CO2 emission, and labor practice. Corporate [...] Read more.
Sustainable development has always been the objective of many fields, including the tourism and transportation sector. However, a major part of this sector, the airline industry, deals with many negative impacts, such as air pollution, noise, CO2 emission, and labor practice. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a strategic business activity that can enhance the sustainability of the airline industry. The results of the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) reveal that airlines of Western countries exhibit a more remarkable CSR performance than Asia-Pacific airlines, suggesting that the CSR programs of Asia-Pacific airlines need improvement. By constructing an evaluation hierarchy and applying the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method, this study found that the key strategic factors in the airline industry’s implementation of CSR include corporate governance, risk and crisis management, brand management, and product responsibility (safety). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
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<p>CSR issues of airline industry.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>DEMATEL method apply process.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Example of an influence map.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The influence map of total relationship.</p> Full article ">
1219 KiB  
Article
Residents’ Experiences of Privacy and Comfort in Multi-Storey Apartment Dwellings in Subtropical Brisbane
by Rosemary Kennedy, Laurie Buys and Evonne Miller
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7741-7761; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067741 - 17 Jun 2015
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10279
Abstract
Dwellings in multi-storey apartment buildings (MSAB) are predicted to increase dramatically as a proportion of housing stock in subtropical cities over coming decades. The problem of designing comfortable and healthy high-density residential environments and minimising energy consumption must be addressed urgently in subtropical [...] Read more.
Dwellings in multi-storey apartment buildings (MSAB) are predicted to increase dramatically as a proportion of housing stock in subtropical cities over coming decades. The problem of designing comfortable and healthy high-density residential environments and minimising energy consumption must be addressed urgently in subtropical cities globally. This paper explores private residents’ experiences of privacy and comfort and their perceptions of how well their apartment dwelling modulated the external environment in subtropical conditions through analysis of 636 survey responses and 24 interviews with residents of MSAB in inner urban neighbourhoods of Brisbane, Australia. The findings show that the availability of natural ventilation and outdoor private living spaces play important roles in resident perceptions of liveability in the subtropics where the climate is conducive to year round “outdoor living”. Residents valued choice with regard to climate control methods in their apartments. They overwhelmingly preferred natural ventilation to manage thermal comfort, and turned to the air-conditioner for limited periods, particularly when external conditions were too noisy. These findings provide a unique evidence base for reducing the environmental impact of MSAB and increasing the acceptability of apartment living, through incorporating residential attributes positioned around climate-responsive architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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<p>Multi-storey apartment buildings (MSAB) in Brisbane typically feature balconies on their facades. Source R. Kennedy.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Balconies are valued for outdoor living and views but also provide an environmental buffer between dwelling interior and noise and dust of external urban environment. Source: Queensland University of Technology QUT) Centre for Subtropical Design.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Glazing on balconies reveals private outdoor space and everyday domestic activities to view. Source: R. Kennedy.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Adjustable layers of external screening applied to openings and balconies in Brisbane apartment buildings. Source: (<b>a</b>) Centre for Subtropical Design QUT (<b>b</b>) Glenn Weiss.</p> Full article ">
795 KiB  
Article
Harnessing the Sun and Wind for Economic Development? An Economy-Wide Assessment for Egypt
by Perrihan Al-Riffai, Julian Blohmke, Clemens Breisinger and Manfred Wiebelt
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7714-7740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067714 - 17 Jun 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5621
Abstract
While the recent political transition in Egypt has delayed much-needed policy reforms, our paper suggests that under certain conditions, fostering the national renewable energy strategy may be a promising way of giving an ailing economy an urgently needed impetus. Based on the literature [...] Read more.
While the recent political transition in Egypt has delayed much-needed policy reforms, our paper suggests that under certain conditions, fostering the national renewable energy strategy may be a promising way of giving an ailing economy an urgently needed impetus. Based on the literature and results of a renewable-energy focused computable general equilibrium model, we recommend that Egypt supports the generation of wind power. While some energy may be exported to generate foreign exchange, a substantial part of the newly produced energy should be sold domestically to ease existing supply constraints and to avoid Dutch disease effects. In addition, and in order to maximize the benefits of renewable energy sources, the renewable energy strategy should be accompanied by a (further) reduction of energy subsidies. Finally, lessons from other countries suggest that sound institutions; appropriate, clear and lasting regulations; careful technology transfer; and cross-ministerial coordination are important for success. Full article
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<p>Range of levelized cost of electricity for different technologies in MENA and Europe (€/kWh). Note: LCOE = levelized cost of electricity; CSP = concentrating solar power; and PV = photovoltaic; Source: Authors’ calculations based on Desertec Industrial Initiative [<a href="#B22-sustainability-07-07714" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. The LCOE calculation takes into account country specific solar irradiation and wind speed figures affecting the LCOE on country level.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Change in per capita equivalent variation from baseline scenario by quintile, 2010–2020. Notes: Equivalent variation is a measure of household welfare that controls for changes in commodity prices. Source: Results from the Egypt DCGE model.</p> Full article ">
2078 KiB  
Article
Development of the Social Inventory Database in Thailand Using Input–Output Analysis
by Seksan Papong, Norihiro Itsubo, Pomthong Malakul and Masanori Shukuya
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7684-7713; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067684 - 16 Jun 2015
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6455
Abstract
The social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a technique for assessing social impact and potential impact that aims to evaluate the social and socio-economic aspects of products and their potential for both positive and negative impacts along their life cycle. The lack of [...] Read more.
The social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a technique for assessing social impact and potential impact that aims to evaluate the social and socio-economic aspects of products and their potential for both positive and negative impacts along their life cycle. The lack of a quantitative inventory data for social issues is a weakness of the S-LCA methodology to calculate social impacts. This study aims to establish a social inventory database in Thailand using input–output (IO) modeling. The 2005 economic IO table of Thailand is used in this study. The six different social issues are calculated for both direct and indirect social intensity. The social issues include employment, number of female employees, working hours, wages and salaries, and non-fatal and fatal occupational cases. The results indicate that the primary sector has the highest social intensity in terms of employment, female employment, and working hour intensity. Meanwhile, the secondary sector was higher in non-fatal occupational cases intensity than other sectors. For wages intensity, the results show that the government sector was higher than other sectors, it being labor intensive and of low economic value. In addition, the fatal occupational cases shows the highest intensity in the non-metallic mining, fertilizer and pesticides, and construction sectors. In terms of total social impacts or social footprints, the wholesale and retail trade sector had the highest impact for almost all social issues due to the higher final demand in this sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)
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<p>Employment intensity by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Total employment footprint by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Female employment intensity by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Female employment footprint by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Working-hours intensity by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Working-hours footprint by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Wages intensity by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Wages footprint by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Non-fatal occupational cases intensity by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Non-fatal occupational cases footprint by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Fatal occupational cases intensity by economic sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Fatal occupational cases footprint by economic sector.</p> Full article ">
663 KiB  
Article
The Unintended Consequences of Technological Change: Winners and Losers from GM Technologies and the Policy Response in the Organic Food Market
by Stuart Smyth, William Kerr and Peter W. B. Phillips
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7667-7683; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067667 - 16 Jun 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10342
Abstract
It is often said that innovations create winners and losers. All innovations are somewhat disruptive, but some have more distributed effects. We have a sense of who the winners are and how much they gain. Yet, how much do losers actually lose? Organic [...] Read more.
It is often said that innovations create winners and losers. All innovations are somewhat disruptive, but some have more distributed effects. We have a sense of who the winners are and how much they gain. Yet, how much do losers actually lose? Organic farmers frequently like to publicly announce that they are the losers following the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops, yet consumers in search of non-GM products have helped increase demand for organic products, something that would not have occurred in the absence of GM crops. Are organic farmers really losers? This article lays out the argument that were it not for the commercialization of GM crop varieties in the mid-1990s, organic production and food sectors would not be at the level they enjoy today. That is, the commercialization of GM crops has made the organic industry better off than had GM crops not been commercialized. Theoretical modelling of the organic benefits is complemented by supportive market data. The article concludes that in spite of numerous vocal offerings about the adverse impacts suffered by the organic industry due to GM crop production, the organic industry has gained significantly from that which they vociferously criticize. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
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<p>Adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops in Canada—1995–2013 (Percent). Source: for canola 1995–2010 [<a href="#B5-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">5</a>], 2011–2013 [<a href="#B6-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">6</a>]; for soybean 1997–1999 [<a href="#B6-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">6</a>], 2000–2002 [<a href="#B7-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">7</a>], 2003–2009 [<a href="#B6-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">6</a>], 2010–2012 [<a href="#B8-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">8</a>]; for corn 1996–1999 [<a href="#B6-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">6</a>], 2000–2002 [<a href="#B7-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">7</a>], 2003–2013 [<a href="#B6-sustainability-07-07667" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Modelling technological change in a partial equilibrium framework. Legend: p (or P) = price; q (or Q) = quantity; 0 indicates equilibrium before the change in technology; 1 indicates equilibrium after the change in technology; S = supply; D = demand; mc = marginal cost of production; ac = average total cost of production.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Partial equilibrium model effects of a GM-based technological change on conventional and organic markets. Legend: <span class="html-italic">p</span> (or P) = price; <span class="html-italic">q</span> (or Q) = quantity; 0 = pre-change time period; 1 = first subsequent time period; 2 = second subsequent time period; c = conventional; o = organic; GM = genetically modified; S = supply in a market; D = demand in a market.</p> Full article ">
883 KiB  
Article
Local Knowledge of Pond Fish-Farming Ecosystem Services: Management Implications of Stakeholders’ Perceptions in Three Different Contexts (Brazil, France and Indonesia)
by Syndhia Mathé and Hélène Rey-Valette
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7644-7666; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067644 - 15 Jun 2015
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8040
Abstract
This article addresses ecosystem service perceptions in the case of pond fish-farming systems in Brazil, France and Indonesia. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment vision suggests a more integrated reflection on environmental policies with greater adaptability to local knowledge and the development of social learning [...] Read more.
This article addresses ecosystem service perceptions in the case of pond fish-farming systems in Brazil, France and Indonesia. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment vision suggests a more integrated reflection on environmental policies with greater adaptability to local knowledge and the development of social learning processes, which tend to promote more sustainable changes in behavior and practice than do sanctions. This study considers a part of the identification of ecosystem services. It shows that perceptions differ with the context, and found few differences depending on the type of stakeholders (fish farmers and other stakeholders). From a methodological viewpoint, this paper opens up new prospects for valuing ecosystem services through a perception study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Services and Institutional Dynamics)
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<p>Analytical structure.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Map of the three study sites.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Fish farmers’ and other stakeholders’ selection percentage of services with economic value.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Fish farmers’ and other stakeholders’ selection percentage of services with biological value.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Fish farmers’ and other stakeholders’ selection percentage for services of heritage value.</p> Full article ">
764 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Development in Maramures County
by Corina Rădulescu, Rita Toader, Gratiela Boca, Madela Abrudan, Cristian Anghel and Diana Cezara Toader
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7622-7643; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067622 - 15 Jun 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8360
Abstract
We argue that a new type of adaptive change management is needed in Romania, in which social and territorial cohesion are key elements of governance, in accordance with sustainable development requirements. Based on critical analysis and comparative study, the paper investigates, using several [...] Read more.
We argue that a new type of adaptive change management is needed in Romania, in which social and territorial cohesion are key elements of governance, in accordance with sustainable development requirements. Based on critical analysis and comparative study, the paper investigates, using several approaches, the possibility to select those elements that enable determining a viable managerial sustainable development “model” for communities in Maramures County, Romania. New trends worldwide, and the multidimensional aspects of sustainable development of communities, were the subject of examination, through a regional polycentric approach, which led to a new model proposed by the authors. The result is a conceptual integrated model which promotes a balance of interaction between systems—economic, human, environmental and technological—in a dynamic, flexible and functional process. Full article
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<p>The three-capital model measures for sustainable development Source: Adapted by authors [<a href="#B3-sustainability-07-07622" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Cyclic components of change in organizations Source: Adapted by authors [<a href="#B8-sustainability-07-07622" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat) analysis of local frame.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The model of diagnostic analysis in strategic planning.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Sustainable Management Life Cycle for Maramures County.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Strategic planning process analysis and evaluation structure.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Strategic objectives and conceptual axis of the sustainable development strategy.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>A model axis of sustainable development.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The theoretical and legal framework model “The triangle of knowledge.”</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Model for strategy elaboration.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Local Concept of Territorial Integrated Development.</p> Full article ">
734 KiB  
Article
The Performance of the Smart Cities in China—A Comparative Study by Means of Self-Organizing Maps and Social Networks Analysis
by Dong Lu, Ye Tian, Vincent Y. Liu and Yi Zhang
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7604-7621; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067604 - 12 Jun 2015
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9753
Abstract
Smart cities link the city services, citizens, resource and infrastructures together and form the heart of the modern society. As a “smart” ecosystem, smart cities focus on sustainable growth, efficiency, productivity and environmentally friendly development. By comparing with the European Union, North America [...] Read more.
Smart cities link the city services, citizens, resource and infrastructures together and form the heart of the modern society. As a “smart” ecosystem, smart cities focus on sustainable growth, efficiency, productivity and environmentally friendly development. By comparing with the European Union, North America and other countries, smart cities in China are still in the preliminary stage. This study offers a comparative analysis of ten smart cities in China on the basis of an extensive database covering two time periods: 2005–2007 and 2008–2010. The unsupervised computational neural network self-organizing map (SOM) analysis is adopted to map out the various cities based on their performance. The demonstration effect and mutual influences between these ten smart cities are also discussed by using social network analysis. Based on the smart city performance and cluster network, current problems for smart city development in China were pointed out. Future research directions for smart city research are discussed at the end this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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<p>The smart cities’ location from 2005–2007 (<b>a</b>) and the location from 2008–2010 (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The trajectories the smart cities in China (2005–2010).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The city behavior of particular indicators.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Smart city cluster network: 2005–2007.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Smart city cluster network: 2008–2010.</p> Full article ">
359 KiB  
Article
How National Culture and Parental Style Affect the Process of Adolescents’ Ecological Resocialization
by Elodie Gentina and Pallavi Singh
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7581-7603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067581 - 12 Jun 2015
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8919
Abstract
The role of adolescents as influencers on their families’ environmental behavior is potentially a catalyst for change towards increasing eco-friendly actions. In this paper, the authors report on a cross-cultural study of ecological resocialization in France and India. Using in-depth dyadic interviews, they [...] Read more.
The role of adolescents as influencers on their families’ environmental behavior is potentially a catalyst for change towards increasing eco-friendly actions. In this paper, the authors report on a cross-cultural study of ecological resocialization in France and India. Using in-depth dyadic interviews, they investigated parental styles, cultural attributes and extent of adolescents’ influence over parental eco-behavior. The study reveals that ecological resocialization across countries differs substantially, according to a combination of national cultural values, parental style and influence strategy. French teens exhibit a greater impact than Indian teens on their parents’ eco-behavior and use bilateral influence strategies. In India, not all mothers engage in ecological resocialization, but those who do are susceptible to unilateral strategies. The role of environmental knowledge, and the context and effectiveness of each kind of strategy is discussed. The findings have implications for how public policy officials and agencies can encourage adolescents as key resocialization agents to influence their parents’ pro-environmental consumption by using the most adapted influence strategy across cultures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Marketers in Sustainable Production and Consumption)
1160 KiB  
Article
Efficient Sustainable Operation Mechanism of Distributed Desktop Integration Storage Based on Virtualization with Ubiquitous Computing
by Hyun-Woo Kim, Jong Hyuk Park, Duinkhorjav Majigsuren and Young-Sik Jeong
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7568-7580; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067568 - 12 Jun 2015
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5653
Abstract
Following the rapid growth of ubiquitous computing, many jobs that were previously manual have now been automated. This automation has increased the amount of time available for leisure; diverse services are now being developed for this leisure time. In addition, the development of [...] Read more.
Following the rapid growth of ubiquitous computing, many jobs that were previously manual have now been automated. This automation has increased the amount of time available for leisure; diverse services are now being developed for this leisure time. In addition, the development of small and portable devices like smartphones, diverse Internet services can be used regardless of time and place. Studies regarding diverse virtualization are currently in progress. These studies aim to determine ways to efficiently store and process the big data generated by the multitude of devices and services in use. One topic of such studies is desktop storage virtualization, which integrates distributed desktop resources and provides these resources to users to integrate into distributed legacy desktops via virtualization. In the case of desktop storage virtualization, high availability of virtualization is necessary and important for providing reliability to users. Studies regarding hierarchical structures and resource integration are currently in progress. These studies aim to create efficient data distribution and storage for distributed desktops based on resource integration environments. However, studies regarding efficient responses to server faults occurring in desktop-based resource integration environments have been insufficient. This paper proposes a mechanism for the sustainable operation of desktop storage (SODS) for high operational availability. It allows for the easy addition and removal of desktops in desktop-based integration environments. It also activates alternative servers when a fault occurs within a system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ubiquitous Green IT System for Sustainable Computing)
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<p>Desktop Master Node (DMN) flow for sustainable operation.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>DSN flow for sustainable operation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Sustainable Operation System for Integrated desktop Resources (SOSIDR) Architecture for Sustainable Operation.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>DMN and DSN executions according to SOSIDR Mode setting.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Response process for DMN faults in SOSIDR.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Comparison of the states of desktop operation that occur when a master node fault has occurred.</p> Full article ">
642 KiB  
Article
Structural Decomposition Analysis of Carbon Emissions and Policy Recommendations for Energy Sustainability in Xinjiang
by Changjian Wang and Fei Wang
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7548-7567; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067548 - 12 Jun 2015
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6405
Abstract
Regional carbon dioxide emissions study is necessary for China to realize the emissions mitigation. An environmental input–output structural decomposition analysis (IO-SDA) has been conducted in order to uncover the driving forces for the increment in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in Xinjiang from both [...] Read more.
Regional carbon dioxide emissions study is necessary for China to realize the emissions mitigation. An environmental input–output structural decomposition analysis (IO-SDA) has been conducted in order to uncover the driving forces for the increment in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in Xinjiang from both production and final demands perspectives from 1997 to 2007. According to our research outcomes, emissions increase can be illustrated as a competition between consumption growth (per capita GDP) and efficiency improvement (carbon emission intensity). Consumption growth have caused an increase of 109.98 Mt carbon dioxide emissions during 1997 to 2007, and efficiency improvement have caused a 97.03 Mt decrease during the same period. Per capita GDP is the most important driver for the rapid emission growth, while carbon emission intensity is the significant contributor to offset these increments. In addition, production structure changes performed as a new major driver for the steep rise in carbon dioxide emissions in recent years (2002–2007), indicating that the rapid emission growth in Xinjiang is the result of structural changes in the economy making it more carbon-intensive. From the viewpoint of final demands, fixed capital formation contributed the highest carbon dioxide emission, followed by inter-provincial export and urban residential consumption; while inter-provincial imports had the biggest contributions to offset emission increments. Based on our analysis results, Xinjiang may face great challenges to curb carbon dioxide emissions in the near future. However, several concrete mitigation measures have been further discussed and then raised by considering the regional realities, aiming to harmonize regional development and carbon dioxide emissions reduction. Full article
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<p>Location of Xinjiang province in China.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Structure decomposition analysis of various driving factors in Xinjiang from 1997 to 2007.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Increment of carbon dioxide emissions from different final demands in Xinjiang (1997–2007).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Five-big energy base in China.</p> Full article ">
744 KiB  
Review
The Vie Cave Geomorphological Site in Southern Tuscany (Italy): Problems of Decay and Conservation
by Elena Pecchioni, Alba Patrizia Santo, Leonardo Piccini, Luciano Di Fazio, Fabio Fratini, Pasquino Pallecchi, Riccardo Trevisan and Carlo Alberto Garzonio
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7530-7547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067530 - 11 Jun 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6209
Abstract
The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The [...] Read more.
The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Geomorphological Heritage)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Location map and (<b>b</b>) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the investigated area.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic stratigraphic column of the Vulsianian pyroclastic succession in the study area (strathigraphic data after [<a href="#B7-sustainability-07-07530" class="html-bibr">7</a>], simplified). In the figure are reported the different pyroclastic formations.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Geological and morphological sketch map of the Pitigliano-Sorano-Sovana area where most of the <span class="html-italic">Vie Cave</span> are located. Most of the main archaeological sites occur along the cliff of major river incision scarps.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) View of Pitigliano town; (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>) Typical aspects of the <span class="html-italic">Vie Cave.</span></p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Some examples of funerary architecture in the area of Sovana: (<b>a</b>) Demoni Alati tomb, (<b>b</b>) Sirena tomb, and (<b>c</b>) Ildebranda tomb.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Particulars of outcrops of volcanic deposits showing orange colored matrix, and black clasts of pumice; (<b>c</b>) welded grey volcanic deposits in a fractured wall of a <span class="html-italic">Via Cava</span>; (<b>d</b>) typical morphological features of a <span class="html-italic">Via Cava</span>; and (<b>e</b>) junction of a <span class="html-italic">Via Cava</span> with a cliff constituted of ignimbrites. The rock mass is unstable (see the boulders of an ancient fall). (<b>f</b>) Particular of an altered and unstable scarp with vegetal cover.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Relationship between vegetation and <span class="html-italic">Vie Cave</span> rock walls. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) different develop positions of trees and (<b>f</b>) of shrubs; (<b>b</b>) particular jointed root in rock mass; and (<b>d</b>) Quercus <span class="html-italic">Ilex</span> growing in a fracture of the rock wall.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Protection measures used to control rock falls in archaeological sites: (<b>a</b>) cable strands and mesh and (<b>b</b>) particular of mesh blanket.</p> Full article ">
410 KiB  
Article
The Role of Biotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Views and Perceptions among Key Actors in the Swedish Food Supply Chain
by Karin Edvardsson Björnberg, Elisabeth Jonas, Håkan Marstorp and Pernilla Tidåker
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7512-7529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067512 - 11 Jun 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 17403
Abstract
Researchers have put forward agricultural biotechnology as one possible tool for increasing food production and making agriculture more sustainable. In this paper, it is investigated how key actors in the Swedish food supply chain perceive the concept of agricultural sustainability and the role [...] Read more.
Researchers have put forward agricultural biotechnology as one possible tool for increasing food production and making agriculture more sustainable. In this paper, it is investigated how key actors in the Swedish food supply chain perceive the concept of agricultural sustainability and the role of biotechnology in creating more sustainable agricultural production systems. Based on policy documents and semi-structured interviews with representatives of five organizations active in producing, processing and retailing food in Sweden, an attempt is made to answer the following three questions: How do key actors in the Swedish food supply chain define and operationalize the concept of agricultural sustainability? Who/what influences these organizations’ sustainability policies and their respective positions on agricultural biotechnology? What are the organizations’ views and perceptions of biotechnology and its possible role in creating agricultural sustainability? Based on collected data, it is concluded that, although there is a shared view of the core constituents of agricultural sustainability among the organizations, there is less explicit consensus on how the concept should be put into practice or what role biotechnology can play in furthering agricultural sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
951 KiB  
Article
Environmental and Social Sustainability of the Proximity Waste Collection System: A Case-Study Evaluation at an Italian Local Scale
by Manuela Carchesio, Fabio Tatàno, Margherita Goffi and Michele Radi
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7492-7511; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067492 - 11 Jun 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5723
Abstract
In an urban or suburban area, the sustainability of a waste management process is expected to be closely related to the territorial context and the local citizens’ behaviour. From this perspective, the implementation of the peculiar proximity waste collection system in a small [...] Read more.
In an urban or suburban area, the sustainability of a waste management process is expected to be closely related to the territorial context and the local citizens’ behaviour. From this perspective, the implementation of the peculiar proximity waste collection system in a small town in Central Italy (San Costanzo) was considered. As compared to the previous road collection system in the same municipality, its environmental performance in terms of Source Separation Level (SSL), Waste Generation or Collection Rate (WGR or WCR) and Interception Rate (IR) was evaluated. An original analysis of the citizens’ monthly frequency and of their participation rate both in relation to the setting out of the Unsorted Residual Waste (URW) was also carried out. Following the full implementation of the new waste collection scheme, the SSL achieved almost 79%, the WCR of the URW decreased by about 82% and the most IR values resulted above 83%. From a social point of view, the study further highlighted that, with the new waste collection scheme active, more than 50% of users were accustomed to set out the URW at most 5 times per month and the corresponding participation rate to set out the URW was around 62%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Resources)
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Graphical abstract
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<p>Geographical position of the municipality of San Costanzo within the Marche Region. The circled area in the right-hand side represents the municipality of San Costanzo.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Four-wheeled bin equipped with the cap-device for the limited inserting of the URW (<b>upper left-hand side</b>). Details of the cap-device (<b>central-hand side</b>) and real-time check screen of the set-outs (<b>lower right-hand side</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Municipality of San Costanzo (<b>a</b>) the three differently coloured areas (Area “1” (<b>b</b>); Area “2” (<b>c</b>); Area “3” (<b>d</b>)) are representative of the main residential zones where the majority of the cap-shaped devices (red points) are located.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Per capita generation (kg/(cap year)) of MSW (WGR) and per capita collection (kg/(cap year)) of URW (WCR<sub>u</sub>) and SC (WCR<sub>sc</sub>).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Per capita collection (WCR) (kg/(cap year)) of: Paper and cardboard (WCR<sub>pc</sub>), plastic (WCR<sub>p</sub>), glass (WCR<sub>g</sub>), biowaste (WCR<sub>b</sub>), garden/yard waste (WCR<sub>y</sub>), metals (WCR<sub>m</sub>), waste otherwise specified (WCR<sub>os</sub>).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Source Separation Level (SSL) results during the surveying period (2007–2012).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Monthly trends of the Source Separation Level (SSL) during the surveying period (2007–2012). The dotted line is to indicate the target of 65% fixed by the Italian legislation for the 2012.</p> Full article ">
509 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Land-Use Emergy Indicators Based on Urban Metabolism: A Case Study for Beijing
by Qing Huang, Xinqi Zheng and Yecui Hu
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7473-7491; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067473 - 10 Jun 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6493
Abstract
The correlation of urban metabolism and changes in land use is an important issue in urban ecology, but recent research lacks consideration of the mechanisms and interactions between them. In this research, we did an emergy analysis of the flows of materials, energy, [...] Read more.
The correlation of urban metabolism and changes in land use is an important issue in urban ecology, but recent research lacks consideration of the mechanisms and interactions between them. In this research, we did an emergy analysis of the flows of materials, energy, and capital within the socioeconomic system of Beijing. We calculated emergy-based evaluation indices of urban metabolism and land use change, to analyze the relationship between urban metabolism and land use by correlation analysis and regression analysis. Results indicate that the socio-economic activities on built-up land depend on local, non-renewable resource exploitation and external resource inputs. The emergy utilization efficiency of farmland has consistently decreased, but there remains significant utilization potential there. Urban development in Beijing relies on production activities on built-up land, which is subjected to great environmental pressure during extraction of material resources. To keep the economy developing effectively, we suggest that Beijing should commit to development of a circular economy, and change the land-use concept to “Smart Growth”. In this paper, we efficaciously solve the problem of conflicting measurement units, and avoid the disadvantages of subjective assignment. Consequently, this work provides not only a more scientific way to study land problems, but also provides a reliable reference for ecological construction and economic development in Beijing. Full article
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<p>Illustration of an urban socio-economic metabolic system.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The change of different kinds of land area of Beijing from 1996 to 2012.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Trend of metabolic density (D) increment-environmental load ratio (ELR) increment and (<b>b</b>) Trend of D increment-ESI increment in the Beijing urban system.</p> Full article ">
418 KiB  
Article
The Justice Dimension of Sustainability: A Systematic and General Conceptual Framework
by Klara Helene Stumpf, Stefan Baumgärtner, Christian U. Becker and Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbach
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7438-7472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067438 - 9 Jun 2015
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8725
Abstract
We discuss how the normative dimension of sustainability can be captured in terms of justice. We (i) identify the core characteristics of the concept of sustainability and discuss underlying ethical, ontological and epistemological assumptions; (ii) introduce a general conceptual structure of justice for [...] Read more.
We discuss how the normative dimension of sustainability can be captured in terms of justice. We (i) identify the core characteristics of the concept of sustainability and discuss underlying ethical, ontological and epistemological assumptions; (ii) introduce a general conceptual structure of justice for the analysis and comparison of different conceptions of justice; and (iii) employ this conceptual structure to determine the specific characteristics and challenges of justice in the context of sustainability. We demonstrate that sustainability raises specific and partly new challenges of justice regarding the community of justice, the judicandum, the informational base, the principles, and the instruments of justice. Full article
2013 KiB  
Article
Co-Benefits of Household Waste Recycling for Local Community’s Sustainable Waste Management in Thailand
by Amornchai Challcharoenwattana and Chanathip Pharino
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7417-7437; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067417 - 9 Jun 2015
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 13527 | Correction
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate co-benefits in term of GHG reduction, and avoided landfill costs by implementing a community-based management (CBM) program for municipal solid waste (MSW). Two towns of peri-urban settlement in Thailand were investigated in case studies to compare eco-performance between [...] Read more.
The study aimed to evaluate co-benefits in term of GHG reduction, and avoided landfill costs by implementing a community-based management (CBM) program for municipal solid waste (MSW). Two towns of peri-urban settlement in Thailand were investigated in case studies to compare eco-performance between the towns with and without implementation of the CBM program. MSW mass flows together with MSW utilization records were analyzed based on data in year 2013. Climate co-benefits from waste utilization activities were examined. Results from the study indicated that waste banks in the CBM program can effectively divert most of recyclables from entering landfills. The performance of “waste bank—recyclable recovery program” recycling rate from the case study with CBM is 172.20 kg per member per year, which is about 926% higher than average CBMs with MSW recycling in Thailand, and the success of CBM can be attributed to its curbside pickup service and fair-pricing of recyclables. The study also found that if the town decided to divert wastes from landfilling, carbon intensity of the MSW system would be 0.47 tons of CO2-eq per ton of collected MSW. The landfilling cost would be approximately 7.41 USD per ton of MSW as landfilling cost. With CBM programs, current MSW reutilization rate has achieved 9.68% of generated waste, and 16.80% of GHG emission has been avoided, along with a reduction in landfill costs of 11.57%. Two scenarios of waste utilization in Thailand were explored and compared, in terms of which scenarios yielded the highest co-benefits. The study demonstrates that by allowing local mechanism and community involvement programs to develop with operational waste banks, the efficiency of collecting recycling wastes increased. A similar system can be applied to other communities in other countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creating Benefits through Life Cycle Thinking: Practices and Challenges from EcoBalance)
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<p>Map of Thumbon Phang Khon Municipality (PKM) (Courtesy of Google).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Flows of MSW under different scenarios. X—annual MSW generated from PKM; C—Compost and Biogas; GS—General MSW collection service; OR—Organic waste reutilization s, and WB—Waste bank.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Annual flow of MSW arriving at PKM’s landfill.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Carbon intensity of MSW decomposition with avoided GHG emission on the MSW.</p> Full article ">
648 KiB  
Article
Alternative Labeling Programs and Purchasing Behavior toward Organic Foods: The Case of the Participatory Guarantee Systems in Brazil
by Giovanna Sacchi, Vincenzina Caputo and Rodolfo M. Nayga, Jr.
Sustainability 2015, 7(6), 7397-7416; https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067397 - 9 Jun 2015
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 9247
Abstract
Regulatory standards and certification models are essential tools guaranteeing the authenticity of organic products. In particular, third-party certification is useful to consumers since it provides guarantees regarding production processes and food quality. In an attempt to cope with the costs and bureaucratic procedures [...] Read more.
Regulatory standards and certification models are essential tools guaranteeing the authenticity of organic products. In particular, third-party certification is useful to consumers since it provides guarantees regarding production processes and food quality. In an attempt to cope with the costs and bureaucratic procedures related to the adoption of such certification, groups of small producers have begun to rely upon alternative quality assurance systems such as Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS). This study contextualizes and analyzes the PGS scheme and describes the Brazilian Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia network. We then investigate the effect of various factors on Brazilian consumers’ purchasing behavior for organic products guaranteed by PGS. The results show that employed and older consumers who live in rural and suburban areas are more likely to buy organic PGS products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
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<p>The Brazilian organic labeling system for organic conformity assessment.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Nuclei distribution of the Rede Ecovida de Agrecologia.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Cities and nuclei of the Rede Ecovida de Agrecologia considered in the survey.</p> Full article ">
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