Selection of Shear Horizontal Wave Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments
<p>Cut-away view of vertical-axis dry storage cask.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Pair of PPM EMATs; (<b>b</b>) housing dimensions; and (<b>c</b>) layout of permanent magnets and electric coil.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) MST prototype; (<b>b</b>) assembly of the MST; and (<b>c</b>) layout of permanent magnet and meandering electric coil.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Phase; and (<b>b</b>) group velocity dispersion curves for SH modes of a 15.9 thick stainless steel plate.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) A 12.7 mm thick 304 stainless steel plate; and (<b>b</b>) a 3 mm thick 2024 aluminum plate having four different degrees of surface roughness.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Typical profilometry images of each surface having different roughness conditions: (<b>a</b>) #1; (<b>b</b>) #2; (<b>c</b>) #3; and (<b>d</b>) #4.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Schematic of the experimental setup for measuring SH waves using EMATs and MSTs.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Photos of: (<b>a</b>) the EMAT; and (<b>b</b>) MST test setup on a stainless steel plate for analyzing the effect of normal force applied on the transducers on SH wave measurements.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>SH wave signals at different normal forces of: (<b>a</b>) 0; (<b>b</b>) 133.5; of (<b>c</b>) 267 N for EMATs; and (<b>d</b>) 22.2; (<b>e</b>) 133.5; and (<b>f</b>) 267 N for MSTs. Note that the signal prior to 0.04 ms is electromagnetic interference.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The averaged peak amplitudes of each mode for: (<b>a</b>) EMATs; and (<b>b</b>) MSTs as a function of the applied normal force. The EMATs are independent on the normal force, while the MSTs are not.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) Distribution of many glass beads between the EMAT receiver and the substrate; and SH wave signals received for: (<b>b</b>) no beads; and (<b>c</b>) many beads.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) Distribution of a few glass beads between the MST receiver and the substrate; and SH wave signals received for: (<b>b</b>) no beads; and (<b>c</b>) a few beads.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The normalized amplitudes of SH waves for EMATs and MSTs as a function of surface roughness.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Periodic Permanent Magnet (PPM) Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
3. Dry-Coupled Magnetostrictive Transducers (MSTs)
4. Mode/Frequency Selection of Shear Horizontal (SH) Waves
5. Experimental Procedures
- Test 1 to identify the effect of normal force applied to the transducers during SH wave measurements;
- Test 2 to examine how surface debris affects the performance of the transducers; and
- Test 3 to analyze the influence of surface roughness on the transduction efficiency of the transducers.
6. Experimental Results and Discussion
6.1. Test 1: Effect of Normal Force Applied to the Transducers during SH Wave Measurements
6.2. Test 2: Influence of Surface Debris on SH Wave Measurements
6.3. Test 3: Influence of Surface Roughness on Transduction Efficiency
6.4. Summary
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Transducer Component | Transducer Type | Purpose | Candidate Materials | Elevated Temperature | Gamma Radiation Resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Permanent magnets | EMAT and MST | Generate a static magnetic field | Rare earth alloys like neodymium, samarium cobalt | Select carefully | Good |
Electrical coil | EMAT and MST | Provide an alternating electric field | Metal conductors like copper, silver | Good | Good |
Backing | EMAT and MST | Electrical insulation for coil | Polymers like Polyimide, peek | Select carefully | Select carefully |
Magneto-strictive foil | MST | Energy conversion | Ferrous metals and alloys like remendur, iron | Good | Good |
Mode | Plate Thickness (mm) | Phase Velocity (m/s) | Group Velocity (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|
SH1 | 15.9 | 3471 | 2915 |
12.7 | 3675 | 2753 | |
SH2 | 15.9 | 5305 | 1908 |
12.7 | - | - |
Surface Roughness (μm) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Surface No. | Min. | Max. | Avg. |
#1 | 0.776 | 0.869 | 0.811 |
#2 | 1.722 | 1.841 | 1.798 |
#3 | 4.64 | 4.707 | 4.675 |
#4 | 20.708 | 22.664 | 21.981 |
Variable | Values | |
---|---|---|
Test 1 | Normal force | 0~267 N in 22.25 N increments |
Test 2 | Surface debris | zero and many glass beads (for EMATs) zero and a few glass beads (for MSTs) |
Test 3 | Surface roughness | 0.811, 1.798, 4.675, and 21.981 μm |
EMATs | MSTs | |
---|---|---|
Advantages | - Low sensitivity to surface debris and surface roughness | - High amplitude and SNR of SH wave signal |
Disadvantages | - Low amplitude and SNR of SH wave signal - Requirement to maintain a uniform lift off to provide consistent transduction | - Requirement of a relatively large normal force to excite and receive SH waves through dry fractional coupling - SH wave amplitude dependence on the normal force value and the degree of surface roughness - Limited operation on the surface where friction-reducing debris are present |
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Choi, S.; Cho, H.; Lissenden, C.J. Selection of Shear Horizontal Wave Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments. Sensors 2017, 17, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010005
Choi S, Cho H, Lissenden CJ. Selection of Shear Horizontal Wave Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments. Sensors. 2017; 17(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Sungho, Hwanjeong Cho, and Cliff J. Lissenden. 2017. "Selection of Shear Horizontal Wave Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments" Sensors 17, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010005
APA StyleChoi, S., Cho, H., & Lissenden, C. J. (2017). Selection of Shear Horizontal Wave Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments. Sensors, 17(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010005