Khajuraho Group of Monuments
Khajuraho Group of Monuments
The temples at Khajuraho were built during the Chandella dynasty, which reached its apogee between 950 and 1050. Only about 20 temples remain; they fall into three distinct groups and belong to two different religions – Hinduism and Jainism. They strike a perfect balance between architecture and sculpture. The Temple of Kandariya is decorated with a profusion of sculptures that are among the greatest masterpieces of Indian art.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Ensemble monumental de Khajuraho
Œuvre de la dynastie des Chandella, qui connut son apogée entre 950 et 1050, les temples de Khajuraho dont il ne subsiste plus qu'une vingtaine se répartissent en trois groupes distincts. Ils appartiennent à deux religions différentes, l'hindouisme et le jaïnisme et réalisent une synthèse exemplaire entre l'architecture et la sculpture. C'est ainsi que le temple de Kandariya est décoré d'une profusion de sculptures qui comptent parmi les plus grands chefs-d'œuvre de la plastique indienne.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
مجمّع نصب خاجوراهو
تتوزع معابد خاجوراهو التي تحمل آثار سلاسة شانديلا التي بلغت أوجّها بين عامي 950 و1050 والتي لم يبق منها إلا حوالي عشرين، على ثلاث مجمّعات منفصلة. وتنتمي إلى ديانتين مختلفتين، الهندوسية واليانية، وتحقّق توليفاً نموذجياً بين الهندسة والنحت. وبذلك إنّ معبد قندريا مزيّن بعدد كبير من المنحوتات التي تُعتبر من أهمّ تُحف الفن التشكيلي الهندي.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
卡杰拉霍建筑群
卡杰拉霍庙宇群建于章德拉王朝，其于公元950年至1050年间达到统治的鼎盛时期。目前仅存有约20座庙宇，它们分为三组不同的群体，分属于两个不同的宗教印度教和耆那教。在这里，建筑与雕塑达到了完美的平衡。著名的坎达里亚寺庙饰有大量内容丰富、绚丽多姿的雕塑，是印度艺术中的经典之作。
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Памятники Кхаджурахо
Храмы Кхаджурахо были сооружены во времена династии Чанделла, апогей власти которой пришелся на 950-1050 гг. Здесь сохранилось порядка 20 храмов, которые образуют три отчетливых группы и принадлежат к двум различным религиям – индуизму и джайнизму, демонстрируя органичное сочетание между архитектурными формами и скульптурой. Храм Кандарья декорирован множеством скульптур, которые признаны одними из величайших шедевров индийского искусства.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Conjunto monumental de Khajuraho
Este conjunto monumental está formado por tres grupos diferenciados de templos construidos en el periodo de apogeo de la dinastía de los Chandella (950-1050). Sólo subsisten unos veinte pertenecientes a dos religiones distintas, el hinduismo y el jainismo. Su característica principal es el perfecto equilibrio logrado entre las formas arquitectónicas y las esculturales. El templo de Kandariya está ornamentado con un gran número de esculturas que figuran entre las más grandes obras maestras del arte indio.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
カジュラーホの建造物群
10～13世紀に全盛をきわめたチャンデーラ王朝の首都。都はのちにイスラム勢力によって破壊され、85あった寺院は今では22だけが残っている。高い尖塔をもつ壮麗なヒンドゥー教寺院群も健在である。各寺院の外壁は、おおらかな性愛表現を含む無数の彫刻で飾られ、北インド独特の建築様式を伝えている。source: NFUAJ
Monumentengroep van Khajuraho
De tempels van Khajuraho werden gebouwd tijdens de Chandella dynastie, die haar hoogtepunt bereikte tussen 950 en 1050. Khajuraho is één van de hoofdsteden van de Chandella heersers. Er zijn slechts 22 tempels overgebleven van de oorspronkelijke 85. Deze worden ingedeeld in de westelijke, oostelijke en zuidelijke groepen, met de belangrijkste groep tempels in het westelijke gebied. De monumenten behoren tot twee verschillende religies: het hindoeïsme en jaïnisme. De tempels vormen een perfecte balans tussen architectuur en sculptuur. De tempel van Kandariya is versierd met een overdaad aan beelden, die behoren tot de grootste meesterwerken van de Indiase kunst.
Source: unesco.nl
खजुराहो के स्मारक
खजुराहो में मंदिरों का निर्माण चंदेल वंश के साम्राज्य के दौरान किया गया था, जो 950 और 1050 के बीच अपने चरम पर पहुंच गया था। यहाँ लगभग 20 मंदिर ही बचे हैं; वे तीन अलग-अलग समूहों में आते हैं और दो अलग-अलग धर्मों - हिंदू धर्म और जैन धर्म से संबंधित हैं। ये वास्तुकला और मूर्तिकला के बीच एक आदर्श संतुलन हैं। कंदरिया का मंदिर भारतीय कला की महानतम कृतियों में से एक है, जो प्रचुर मूर्तिकला से सुसज्जित है।
Source: India
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The group of temples of Khajuraho testifies to the culmination of northern Indian temple art and architecture of the Chandella dynasty who ruled the region in the 10th and 11th centuries CE. Distributed over an area of 6 square km in a picturesque landscape, the 23 temples (including one partly excavated structure) that form the western, eastern, and southern clusters of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments are rare surviving examples that display the originality and high quality of Nagara-style temple architecture.
The Khajuraho Group of Monuments demonstrates in layout and physical form, the pinnacle of temple architectural development in northern India. Built in sandstone, each temple is elevated from its environs by a highly ornate terraced platform, or jagati, on which stands the body, or jangha, whose sanctum is topped by a tower, or shikhara, of a type unique to Nagara, where the verticality of the principal spire atop the sanctum is accentuated by a series of miniature spires flanking it, each symbolizing Mount Kailasa, the abode of the Gods.
The plan of the temples shows the spatial hierarchy of axially aligned interconnected spaces. The temples are entered through an ornate entrance porch (ardhamandapa), which leads to the main hall (mandapa), through which one accesses the vestibule (antarala) before reaching the sanctum (garbhagriha). The main halls of the temples were often accompanied by lateral transepts with projecting windows as well as a circumambulatory path around the sanctum. Larger temples had an additional pair of transepts and were accompanied by subsidiary shrines on the four corners of its jagati.
The temples of Khajuraho are known for the harmonious integration of sculptures with their architecture. All surfaces are profusely carved with anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic motifs depicting sacred and secular themes. Sculptures depicting acts of worship, clan and minor deities, and couples in union, all reflect the sacred belief system. Other themes mirror social life through depictions of domestic scenes, teachers and disciples, dancers and musicians, and amorous couples. The composition and finesse achieved by the master craftsmen give the stone surfaces of the Khajuraho temples a rare vibrancy and sensitivity to the warmth of human emotions.
Criterion (i): The complex of Khajuraho represents a unique artistic creation, as much for its highly original architecture as for the high-quality sculpted décor made up of a mythological repertory of numerous scenes of amusements that includes scenes susceptible to various interpretations, sacred or profane.
Criterion (iii): The temples of Khajuraho bear an exceptional testimony to the Chandella culture, which flourished in central India before the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate at the beginning of the 13th century CE.
Integrity
Khajuraho Group of Monuments includes all the elements necessary to express its Outstanding Universal Value, including 23 temples that together demonstrate the originality and high quality attained in northern Indian Nagara-style temple architecture. The property is of adequate size to ensure the complete representation of the features and processes that convey the property’s significance, and does not suffer from adverse effects of development and/or neglect.
To safeguard the temples within their landscape setting, the western, eastern, and southern clusters are each fenced, thus delineating the protected limits. This curbs the spill-over of settlements that once comprised a part of the Chandella Empire. Identified potential threats to the integrity of the property include the nearby Khajuraho Airport, in the form of possible vibrations, increased volume of dust particles, etc.
Authenticity
The property is fully authentic in terms of its location and setting, forms and designs, and materials and substance. Its historic location has not changed. The forms, designs, and materials authentically illustrate the elements of the mature form of northern Indian temple architecture, including a combination of saptaratha plan topped by a form of shikhara unique to the Nagara style. Set in a picturesque landscape, these temples show the celebration of Chandella culture and power.
Protection and management requirements
Khajuraho Group of Monuments is owned by the Government of India and managed by the Archaeological Survey of India through the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act (1958) and its Rules (1959), amendment (1992), and Amendment and Validation Act (2010). The AMASR Acts also delineate prohibited and regulated areas extending 100 m and 200 m respectively from the designated monument. The land abutting the monuments is managed jointly by the Revenue official (i.e., District Collector, State government of Madhya Pradesh) and the Archaeological Survey of India, with the latter responsible for final approvals. In addition to the aforementioned protective designations, the rural landscape is managed by the Nagar panchayat (town-level governance) through the Madhya Pradesh Bhumi Vikas Rules (1984), which can regulate and protect heritage sites. Clause 17 of Section 49 of the Madhya Pradesh Panchayati Rajya Adhiniyam Act (1993) includes a provision for the preservation and maintenance of monuments. The Archaeological Survey of India reviews and strategizes the allocation of resources in consonance with the identified needs. Issues such as interventions, training, research, and outreach are determined annually on the basis of site inspections and assessments. These actions form an integral part of the operational management mechanism, augmented with experts as needed.
Sustaining the Outstanding Universal Value of the property over time will require continuing to protect and control the area immediately surrounding the property and monitoring the situation at the nearby airport to identify and eliminate any negative impacts on the value, integrity or authenticity of the property.
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