Punakha shartnomasi

Punakha shartnomasi — 1910-yil 8-yanvarda Britaniya siyosiy masalalar boʻyicha maslahatchisi (siyosiy ofitser) Charlz Alfred Bell va Butan qiroli Ugyen Vangchuk tomonidan imzolangan shartnoma. Bu alohida hujjat emas, balki 1865-yildan beri amalda boʻlgan Sinchila shartnomasiga kiritilgan tuzatish edi^[1]. Shartnomaga koʻra, Britaniya Butanning mustaqilligini kafolatladi va qirollikning tashqi ishlarini oʻz nazoratiga oldi. Bu kelishuv orqali Butan mustamlakachi davlat tomonidan hech qachon bosib olinmagan sanoqli Osiyo davlatlaridan biri ekanligini tasdiqladi^[2]^[3].

Tarixiy voqeagacha boʻlgan davr

1864—1865-yillarda Britaniya imperiyasi va Butan Qirolligi oʻrtasida urush boʻlib, Butanning magʻlubiyati bilan yakunlandi. Urush natijasida qirollik hududning bir qismini inglizlarga berishga majbur boʻldi. 1865-yilda Butan va Buyuk Britaniya oʻrtasida shartnoma imzolandi, unga koʻra Butan Assam hududidan yetti duar va Bengaldan oʻn bir duarni gʻolibga berishga majbur boʻldi^[4]. XX-asrning boshlariga kelib, yangi shartnoma masalasi koʻtarildi. 1907-yilda Ugyen Vangchuk jamiyatni birlashtirdi va diniy-siyosiy rahbarlar tomonidan bir ovozdan Butan qiroli etib saylandi^[5].

Oqibatlari

1947-yil avgust oyida Hindiston Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqilligini eʼlon qilgach, shartnoma oʻz faoliyatini toʻxtatdi. Butan tanlov oldida turgan edi: Hindiston Ittifoqiga qoʻshilish yoki suverenitetni saqlab qolish. Qirollik ikkinchisini tanladi va 1949-yil 8-avgustda uning mustaqilligini Hindiston tan oldi. 1948-yil 23-aprelda Butan bosh vaziri Sonam Tobgay Dorji boshchiligidagi Butan delegatsiyasi Hindistonga tashrif buyurdi va Bosh vazir Neru bilan uchrashdi. Keyin Butan Qirolligi va Hindiston oʻrtasida ikki tomonlama munosabatlar oʻrnatildi. 1949-yil 8-avgustda doʻstlik shartnomasi imzolandi, unga koʻra Hindiston Deothang shahri yaqinidagi hududlarni qirollikka qaytardi^[6]^[7].

Manbalar

↑ Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan. Concept Publishing Company, 2001.
↑ Rose, Leo E.. The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977 — 24-bet. ISBN 0-8014-0909-8. . — „[T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.“.
↑ Michael Aris. The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan. Chicago: Serindia Publications, 2005 — 15-bet. ISBN 1-932476-21-0. . — „[Bhutan was] peripheral to the great empire of power and faith [i.e., Tibet], yet never subjugated to it.“.
↑ Ian Preston. A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. Routledge, 2003 — 28-bet.
↑ Singh, Nagendra. Bhutan, a kingdom in the Himalayas: a study of the land, its people and their government, 3rd, 1985 — 52-bet.
↑ „Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty“ (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1949-yil 8-avgust). 2020-yil 31-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-iyun.
↑ Warikoo, K.. Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives, Routledge contemporary South Asia series. Taylor & Francis US, 2009 — 139-bet. ISBN 0-415-46839-6.

[1] Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan. Concept Publishing Company, 2001.

[2] Rose, Leo E.. The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977 — 24-bet. ISBN 0-8014-0909-8. . — „[T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.“.

[3] Michael Aris. The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan. Chicago: Serindia Publications, 2005 — 15-bet. ISBN 1-932476-21-0. . — „[Bhutan was] peripheral to the great empire of power and faith [i.e., Tibet], yet never subjugated to it.“.

[4] Ian Preston. A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. Routledge, 2003 — 28-bet.

[5] Singh, Nagendra. Bhutan, a kingdom in the Himalayas: a study of the land, its people and their government, 3rd, 1985 — 52-bet.

[6] „Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty“ (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1949-yil 8-avgust). 2020-yil 31-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-iyun.

[Warikoo_2009_139-7] Warikoo, K.. Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives, Routledge contemporary South Asia series. Taylor & Francis US, 2009 — 139-bet. ISBN 0-415-46839-6.

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