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Evaluating Calibration-free Webcam-based Eye Tracking for Gaze-based User Modeling

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Sidney K. D'MelloAuthors Info & Claims

ICMI '22: Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction

Pages 224 - 235

https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556580

Published: 07 November 2022 Publication History

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Abstract

Eye tracking has been a research tool for decades, providing insights into interactions, usability, and, more recently, gaze-enabled interfaces. Recent work has utilized consumer-grade and webcam-based eye tracking, but is limited by the need to repeatedly calibrate the tracker, which becomes cumbersome for use outside the lab. To address this limitation, we developed an unsupervised algorithm that maps gaze vectors from a webcam to fixation features used for user modeling, bypassing the need for screen-based gaze coordinates, which require a calibration process. We evaluated our approach using three datasets (N=377) encompassing different UIs (computerized reading, an Intelligent Tutoring System), environments (laboratory or the classroom), and a traditional gaze tracker used for comparison. Our research shows that webcam-based gaze features correlate moderately with eye-tracker-based features and can model user engagement and comprehension as accurately as the latter. We discuss applications for research and gaze-enabled user interfaces for long-term use in the wild.

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cover image ACM Conferences

ICMI '22: Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction

November 2022

830 pages

ISBN:9781450393904

DOI:10.1145/3536221

Editors:
Raj Tumuluri
Openstream
,
Nicu Sebe
University of Trento
,
Gopal Pingali
Accenture
,
Dinesh Babu Jayagopi
IIIT Bangalore
,
Abhinav Dhall
IIT Ropar
,
Richa Singh
IIT Jodhpur
,
Lisa Anthony
University of Florida
,
Albert Ali Salah
Utrecht University and Boğaziçi University

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Published: 07 November 2022

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ICMI '22: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION

November 7 - 11, 2022

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Cited By

Xu HGhazali MZuraifah Syazrah Othman N(2024)A Review of Key Factors Influencing Mind Wandering in Online Learning and the Role of Visual Design and Technological InterventionsIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2024.350657612(177856-177895)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3506576
Minetaki KTing I(2024)Facial Expressions Based on the Types of Conversation ContentsThe Review of Socionetwork Strategies10.1007/s12626-024-00177-z18:2(449-489)Online publication date: 16-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12626-024-00177-z
Steffan AZimmer LArias‐Trejo NBohn MDal Ben RFlores‐Coronado MFranchin LGarbisch IGrosse Wiesmann CHamlin JHavron NHay JHermansen TJakobsen KKalinke SKo EKulke LMayor JMeristo MMoreau DMun SPrein JRakoczy HRothmaler KSantos Oliveira DSimpson ESirois SSmith EStrid KTebbe AThiele MYuen FSchuwerk T(2023)Validation of an open source, remote web‐based eye‐tracking method (WebGazer) for research in early childhoodInfancy10.1111/infa.1256429:1(31-55)Online publication date: 18-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12564
Booth BBosch ND’Mello S(2023)Engagement Detection and Its Applications in Learning: A Tutorial and Selective ReviewProceedings of the IEEE10.1109/JPROC.2023.3309560111:10(1398-1422)Online publication date: Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2023.3309560

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