Abstract
The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors serve as PRRs that recognize different but overlapping microbial components. They are expressed in different cellular compartments such as the cell surface, endosome, lysosome or cytoplasm and activate specific signaling pathways that lead to expression of genes that tailor immune responses to particular microbes. This review summarizes recent insights into pathogen sensing by these PRRs and their signaling pathways.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Autoimmunity
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CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / immunology
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CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / metabolism
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Carrier Proteins / immunology
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Carrier Proteins / metabolism
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Humans
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Immunity, Innate*
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Infections / immunology*
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Infections / microbiology
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Infections / parasitology
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Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / immunology
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Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / metabolism
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Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / immunology
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Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / metabolism
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Receptors, Pattern Recognition / immunology*
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Receptors, Pattern Recognition / metabolism
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Toll-Like Receptors / immunology
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Toll-Like Receptors / metabolism
Substances
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CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins
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Carrier Proteins
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Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein
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Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein
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Receptors, Pattern Recognition
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Toll-Like Receptors