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■ #5749. 言語ミーム [meme][internet][netspeak][biology][speed_of_change][evolution][variation]

　言語学と「ミーム」 (meme) について，マクロの観点から「#3188. ミームとしての言語 (1)」 ([2018-01-18-1]) や「#3189. ミームとしての言語 (2)」 ([2018-01-19-1]) で話題にしてきた．
　昨今はネット上で，ミクロな意味での言語上の「ミーム」が流行っているようだ．主にネットメディアで繰り返し用いられ，パロディ化しながらウイルスのように蔓延していく画像，動画，短文テキストである．言語学的にはこの短文テキストとしてのミームが話題となる．
　もともと meme という英単語は，上記の過去記事で紹介しているようにイギリスの進化生物学者 Richard Dawkins の造語である．OED によると1976年に初出している．生物学用語としての meme が文化的な派生義を経て，第2語義として，すなわち "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." として用いられた初例は1998年の次の文である．

1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)

　現代では，日々ネット上で数々のミームが蔓延しては死滅していっている．Crystal (97) より，linguistic memes の解説を読んでみよう．

LINGUISTIC MEMES

The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
   The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
   For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
   No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
   There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.

　もちろん言語ミームの流行は英語に限らない．日本（語）でも，昨今，多くの「○○構文」が生み出されているが，これも言語上のミームの一種といってよいだろう．

　・ Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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