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Browse CSF2

Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Basic function annotation.
> Subcellular Location, Domain and Function
> Gene Ontology
> KEGG and Reactome Pathway
> Subcellular Location, Domain and Function
 
Subcellular Location Secreted
Domain PF01109 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Function

Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes.

> Gene Ontology
 
Biological Process GO:0001701 in utero embryonic development
GO:0001773 myeloid dendritic cell activation
GO:0001819 positive regulation of cytokine production
GO:0001821 histamine secretion
GO:0001890 placenta development
GO:0001892 embryonic placenta development
GO:0002237 response to molecule of bacterial origin
GO:0002274 myeloid leukocyte activation
GO:0002521 leukocyte differentiation
GO:0002573 myeloid leukocyte differentiation
GO:0006260 DNA replication
GO:0006275 regulation of DNA replication
GO:0007259 JAK-STAT cascade
GO:0007260 tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
GO:0007622 rhythmic behavior
GO:0007623 circadian rhythm
GO:0010035 response to inorganic substance
GO:0010742 macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
GO:0010743 regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
GO:0010744 positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
GO:0018108 peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
GO:0018212 peptidyl-tyrosine modification
GO:0019835 cytolysis
GO:0022410 circadian sleep/wake cycle process
GO:0030099 myeloid cell differentiation
GO:0030223 neutrophil differentiation
GO:0030224 monocyte differentiation
GO:0030431 sleep
GO:0030851 granulocyte differentiation
GO:0031334 positive regulation of protein complex assembly
GO:0032496 response to lipopolysaccharide
GO:0032627 interleukin-23 production
GO:0032667 regulation of interleukin-23 production
GO:0032747 positive regulation of interleukin-23 production
GO:0034021 response to silicon dioxide
GO:0034405 response to fluid shear stress
GO:0038034 signal transduction in absence of ligand
GO:0042044 fluid transport
GO:0042045 epithelial fluid transport
GO:0042116 macrophage activation
GO:0042268 regulation of cytolysis
GO:0042506 tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
GO:0042509 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
GO:0042522 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
GO:0042523 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
GO:0042531 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
GO:0042745 circadian sleep/wake cycle
GO:0042749 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle
GO:0042752 regulation of circadian rhythm
GO:0043011 myeloid dendritic cell differentiation
GO:0043254 regulation of protein complex assembly
GO:0044089 positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis
GO:0044708 single-organism behavior
GO:0045117 azole transport
GO:0045187 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
GO:0045740 positive regulation of DNA replication
GO:0045918 negative regulation of cytolysis
GO:0046425 regulation of JAK-STAT cascade
GO:0046427 positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade
GO:0048511 rhythmic process
GO:0048512 circadian behavior
GO:0048568 embryonic organ development
GO:0048608 reproductive structure development
GO:0050730 regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
GO:0050731 positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
GO:0050795 regulation of behavior
GO:0050802 circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
GO:0051052 regulation of DNA metabolic process
GO:0051054 positive regulation of DNA metabolic process
GO:0051608 histamine transport
GO:0061458 reproductive system development
GO:0070633 transepithelial transport
GO:0071216 cellular response to biotic stimulus
GO:0071219 cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin
GO:0071222 cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
GO:0071396 cellular response to lipid
GO:0071800 podosome assembly
GO:0071801 regulation of podosome assembly
GO:0071803 positive regulation of podosome assembly
GO:0090077 foam cell differentiation
GO:0097028 dendritic cell differentiation
GO:0097191 extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
GO:0097192 extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand
GO:0097696 STAT cascade
GO:1901099 negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand
GO:1902115 regulation of organelle assembly
GO:1902117 positive regulation of organelle assembly
GO:1903131 mononuclear cell differentiation
GO:1904892 regulation of STAT cascade
GO:1904894 positive regulation of STAT cascade
GO:2001233 regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
GO:2001234 negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
GO:2001236 regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
GO:2001237 negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
GO:2001239 regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand
GO:2001240 negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand
Molecular Function GO:0004713 protein tyrosine kinase activity
GO:0005085 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
GO:0005088 Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
GO:0005125 cytokine activity
GO:0005126 cytokine receptor binding
GO:0005129 granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
GO:0008083 growth factor activity
GO:0070851 growth factor receptor binding
Cellular Component -
> KEGG and Reactome Pathway
 
KEGG hsa04060 Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
hsa04630 Jak-STAT signaling pathway
hsa04640 Hematopoietic cell lineage
hsa04650 Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
hsa04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
hsa04664 Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
hsa04668 TNF signaling pathway
Reactome R-HSA-170984: ARMS-mediated activation
R-HSA-422475: Axon guidance
R-HSA-1280215: Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
R-HSA-2172127: DAP12 interactions
R-HSA-2424491: DAP12 signaling
R-HSA-1266738: Developmental Biology
R-HSA-186763: Downstream signal transduction
R-HSA-2871796: FCERI mediated MAPK activation
R-HSA-2454202: Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling
R-HSA-170968: Frs2-mediated activation
R-HSA-392451: G beta
R-HSA-397795: G-protein beta
R-HSA-388396: GPCR downstream signaling
R-HSA-114604: GPVI-mediated activation cascade
R-HSA-179812: GRB2 events in EGFR signaling
R-HSA-881907: Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
R-HSA-109582: Hemostasis
R-HSA-2428924: IGF1R signaling cascade
R-HSA-112399: IRS-mediated signalling
R-HSA-2428928: IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R
R-HSA-168256: Immune System
R-HSA-168249: Innate Immune System
R-HSA-74751: Insulin receptor signalling cascade
R-HSA-912526: Interleukin receptor SHC signaling
R-HSA-6783783: Interleukin-10 signaling
R-HSA-451927: Interleukin-2 signaling
R-HSA-512988: Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling
R-HSA-5683057: MAPK family signaling cascades
R-HSA-5684996: MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling
R-HSA-375165: NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth
R-HSA-187037: NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane
R-HSA-76002: Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
R-HSA-169893: Prolonged ERK activation events
R-HSA-5673001: RAF/MAP kinase cascade
R-HSA-8853659: RET signaling
R-HSA-180336: SHC1 events in EGFR signaling
R-HSA-112412: SOS-mediated signalling
R-HSA-162582: Signal Transduction
R-HSA-177929: Signaling by EGFR
R-HSA-372790: Signaling by GPCR
R-HSA-74752: Signaling by Insulin receptor
R-HSA-449147: Signaling by Interleukins
R-HSA-2586552: Signaling by Leptin
R-HSA-186797: Signaling by PDGF
R-HSA-1433557: Signaling by SCF-KIT
R-HSA-2404192: Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
R-HSA-194138: Signaling by VEGF
R-HSA-166520: Signalling by NGF
R-HSA-187687: Signalling to ERKs
R-HSA-167044: Signalling to RAS
R-HSA-187706: Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN
R-HSA-4420097: VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway
R-HSA-5218921: VEGFR2 mediated cell proliferation
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Literatures that report relations between CSF2 and anti-tumor immunity. The specific mechanism were also collected if the literature reports that a gene specifically promotes or inhibits the infiltration or function of T/NK cells.
> Text Mining
 
  Literatures describing the relation between CSF2 and anti-tumor immunity in human cancer.
PMID Cancer type Relation to immunity Evidence sentences
28166197Hepatocellular CarcinomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)Chemerin has a protective role in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the expression of IL-6 and GM-CSF and MDSC accumulation.
26729864MelanomaPromote immunityVaccination with combination therapy uniquely restricted Th2-cytokine production by CD4 cells, relative to combination therapy alone, and enhanced IFNγ production by CD8 and CD4 cells. We observed an increase in MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α)/CCL3 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3], MIP-1β/CCL4, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and excreted)/CCL5, and GM-CSF production by CD8 and CD4 T cells following treatment.
25952647Pancreatic CarcinomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)GM-CSF production was significantly enhanced in various PDAC cell lines or PDAC tumor tissues from patients after treatment with chemotherapy, which induced the differentiation of monocytes into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Furthermore, blockade of GM-CSF with monoclonal antibodies helped to restore T-cell proliferation when cocultured with monocytes stimulated with tumor supernatants.
25363661GlioblastomaInhibit immunityWhile a number of key immunosuppressive cytokines were overexpressed in the treated cells, including IL-10, IL-6 and GM-CSF, suppression could be alleviated in a number of treated GBM lines by inhibition of prostaglandin E2.
22698406Pancreatic CarcinomaInhibit immunityIn humans, PDA tumor cells prominently expressed GM-CSF in vivo. Thus, tumor-derived GM-CSF is an important regulator of inflammation and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.
18427151Recurrent Grade 1 Follicular LymphomaPromote immunity; increase the efficacy of immunotherapyGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor potentiates rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: results of a phase II study. GM-CSF plus rituximab results in high response rates, along with a tolerable safety profile in patients with relapsed or progressive FL. The improved efficacy over rituximab monotherapy may be due to increases seen in monocyte, granulocyte, and dendritic cell populations.
18386791Lung CarcinomaPromote immunity (T cell function); essential for immunotherapyCombination of Fasl and GM-CSF confers synergistic antitumor immunity in an in vivo model of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma. In addition, IL-12 production, cytotoxic T-cell activity and IgG against LLC-1 are manifested in mice injected with LLC/FasL/GM-CSF. Taken together, the results indicate that dual gene-based delivery with FasL and GM-CSF may serve as a more effective tumor vaccine to suppress lung cancer cell growth in vivo.
18362931Colorectal CarcinomaPromote immunity (T cell function); essential for immunotherapyPhase I clinical trial of autologous ascites-derived exosomes combined with GM-CSF for colorectal cancer. We found that both therapies were safe and well tolerated, and that Aex plus GM-CSF but not Aex alone can induce beneficial tumor-specific antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Therefore, our study suggests that the immunotherapy of CRC with Aex in combination with GM-CSF is feasible and safe, and thus can serve as an alternative choice in the immunotherapy of advanced CRC.
18272909Plasma Cell MyelomaPromote immunity (T cell function); essential for immunotherapyIdiotype vaccination in patients with myeloma reduced circulating myeloma cells (CMC). Eleven patients were immunized with the autologous Id in combinations with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 12, and followed for CMC by quantitative real-time allele-specific PCR. Id vaccination reduced CMC, which correlated with vaccine-induced Id-specific T cells.
23108143Colon carcinoma; Colorecterol carcinomaPromote immunity; immnuotherapy targetHere, we show that more than one-third of human colorectal tumors exhibit aberrant DNA demethylation of the GM-CSF promoter and overexpress the cytokine. Mouse engraftment experiments with autologous and homologous colon tumors engineered to repress the ectopic secretion of GM-CSF revealed the tumor-secreted GM-CSF to have an immune-associated antitumor effect.
19282460MelanomaPromote immunityAltogether, our results strongly suggest that although endogenous GM-CSF and IL-5 are not required to induce tumor immunity, signaling through betac receptor is critically needed for efficient cancer vaccination in both genetically modified GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells and a spontaneously immunogenic models.
21217520Pancreatic CarcinomaPromote immunity (T cell function)We tested the safety and efficacy of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-based immunotherapy administered in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The primary endpoint was disease free survival and secondary endpoints were overall survival and toxicity, and the induction of mesothelin specific T cell responses. In addition, the post-immunotherapy induction of mesothelin-specific CD8+ T cells in HLA-A1+ and HLA-A2+patients correlates with disease-free survival.
16778987MelanomaPromote immunity (T cell function)CTLA4 blockade and GM-CSF combination immunotherapy alters the intratumor balance of effector and regulatory T cells. We examined the mechanisms of action of anti-CTLA4 and a GM-CSF-transduced tumor cell vaccine (Gvax) and their impact on the balance of effector T cells (Teffs) and Tregs in an in vivo model of B16/BL6 melanoma. Tumor challenge increased the frequency of Tregs in lymph nodes, and untreated tumors became infiltrated by CD4+Foxp3- and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells but few CD8+ T cells. While Gvax primed the tumor-reactive Teff compartment, inducing activation, tumor infiltration, and a delay in tumor growth, the combination with CTLA4 blockade induced greater infiltration and a striking change in the intratumor balance of Tregs and Teffs that directly correlated with tumor rejection.
16751376Breast CarcinomaPromote immunity (T cell function)A single intratumoral injection of IL-12 and GM-CSF-encapsulated microspheres induces the complete regression of advanced spontaneous tumors in her-2/neu transgenic mice. Posttherapy molecular analysis of immune activation/suppression markers within the tumor microenvironment demonstrated a dramatic up-regulation of IFN-gamma and a concomitant down-regulation of Forkhead/winged-helix protein 3 (Foxp3), TGFbeta, and IL-10 expression.
16651446SarcomaPromote immunity (infiltration)We have observed that the treatment of BALB/c mice bearing syngeneic CMS4 sarcomas with the combination of recombinant Flt3 ligand and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for five sequential days is sufficient to optimize the number of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDC).
16540672Lung CarcinomaPromote immunityA single intratracheal administration of CCL21 gene-modified dendritic cells (DC-AdCCL21) led to a marked reduction in tumor burden with extensive mononuclear cell infiltration of the tumors. The reduction in tumor burden was accompanied by the enhanced elaboration of type 1 cytokines [IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor] and antiangiogenic chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) but a concomitant decrease in the immunosuppressive molecules (IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, prostaglandin E(2)) in the tumor microenvironment. The DC-AdCCL21 therapy group revealed a significantly greater frequency of tumor-specific T cells releasing IFN-gamma compared with the controls.
23737434Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunityFinally, we found that CXCL5/CXCR2 axis facilitated MDSC migration and that anti-GM-CSF antibodies neutralized CXCL5-induced accumulation of MDSCs. Taken together, our data suggest that KLF4 modulates maintenance of MDSCs in bone marrow by inducing GM-CSF production via CXCL5 and regulates recruitment of MDSCs into the primary tumors through the CXCL5/CXCR2 axis, both of which contribute to KLF4-mediated mammary tumor development.
17375074MelanomaPromote immunity (T cell function); essential for immunotherapyWe programmed mouse bone marrow (BM) cells with lentiviral vectors (LV-GI4) so that they produced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in an autonomous manner. The immunostimulatory efficacy of DC/LV-GI4 cells was evaluated using MART1 and TRP2 as co-expressed melanoma antigens. Mice vaccinated with DC/LV-GI4 cells that self-differentiated in vitro or in vivo produced potent antigen-specific responses against melanoma, which correlated with protective and long-term therapeutic anti-tumor effects.
24954781pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaPromote immunitySequential chemoimmunotherapy included two cycles of combination chemotherapy, then an intradermal lower abdominal injection of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 75 μg) and GV1001 (0·56 mg; days 1, 3, and 5, once on weeks 2-4, and six monthly thereafter).
24942756Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Promote immunity (infiltration)We designed a neoadjuvant and adjuvant clinical trial comparing an irradiated, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting, allogeneic PDAC vaccine (GVAX) given as a single agent or in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide to deplete regulatory T cells (Treg) as a means to study how the TME is altered by immunotherapy.
24938765melanomaPromote immunityHere, we report potent antitumor activity for a novel fusion cytokine generated by N-terminal coupling of GM-CSF to IL4, generating a fusokine termed GIFT4.
24907636breast carcinomaPromote immunity (infiltration)The studies were conducted as dose escalation/schedule optimization trials enrolling node-positive and high-risk node-negative patients with tumors expressing any degree of HER2 (immunohistochemistry 1-3+).
29669721B16 Malignant MelanomaPromote immunity (infiltration)Together, these results highlight a key role for myeloid cell PPARγ in GM-CSF-stimulated antitumor immunity and suggest that PPARγ agonists might be useful in cancer immunotherapy.
29602801mesotheliomaInhibit immunity (T cell function); immunotherapy targetBlockade of GM-CSF with neutralizing antibody, or ROS inhibition, restored T-cell proliferation, suggesting that targeting of GM-CSF could be of therapeutic benefit in these patients.Conclusions: Our study presents the mechanism behind the cross-talk between mesothelioma tumors and the immune microenvironment and indicates that targeting GM-CSF could be a novel treatment strategy to augment immunotherapy in patients with mesothelioma.
27688020Prostate CarcinomaPromote immunity (infiltration); Promote immunity (T cell function) increase efficacy of immunotherapyGranulocytic-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is used as an adjuvant in cancer vaccine trials and has the potential to enhance antitumor efficacy with immunotherapy. GM-CSF treatment increased the numbers of circulating mature myeloid dendritic cells, proliferating conventional CD4 T cells, proliferating CD8 T cells, and to a lesser magnitude FoxP3+ regulatory CD4 T cells. Although GM-CSF treatment did not augment antigen-presenting cell localization to the prostate, treatment was associated with recruitment of CD8+ T cells to the tumor. These results suggest that systemic GM-CSF can modulate T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment.
24030977GliomaInhibit immunity (T cell function)Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a central role for the induction of IL-4Rα expression on myeloid cells, and we found that GM-CSF is upregulated in both human and mouse glioma microenvironments compared with normal brain or peripheral blood samples. Together, our findings establish a GM-CSF-induced mechanism of immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment via upregulation of IL-4Rα on MDSCs.
23975756Ovarian CancinomaPromote immunity (T cell function)When combined with GVAX or FVAX vaccination (consisting of irradiated ID8 cells expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor or FLT3 ligand) and costimulation by agonistic α-4-1BB or TLR 9 ligand, antibody-mediated blockade of PD-1 or PD-L1 triggered rejection of ID8 tumors in 75% of tumor-bearing mice. This therapeutic effect was associated with increased proliferation and function of tumor antigen-specific effector CD8(+) T cells, inhibition of suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) and MDSC, upregulation of effector T-cell signaling molecules, and generation of T memory precursor cells.
18522536MelanomaPromote immunity (T cell function); essential for immunotherapyLAG-3Ig combined with a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy stimulated both cellular and humoral antitumor immune responses that correlated with prolonged survival in tumor-bearing animals.
16061910Colorectal CarcinomaPromote immunityChemo-immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with gemcitabine plus FOLFOX 4 followed by subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 induces strong immunologic and antitumor activity in metastatic colon cancer patients.
16034082B16 Malignant MelanomaPromote immunityProvision of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor converts an autoimmune response to a self-antigen into an antitumor response. Subsequent studies revealed that provision of GM-CSF increased dendritic cell numbers in lymph nodes and spleen.
28754674Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunityGM-CSF was identified as an upstream modulator. Breast cancer-derived GM-CSF induced GM-CSF and MMP9 release from WAT progenitors, and GM-CSF knockdown in breast cancer cells neutralized the protumorigenic activity of WAT progenitors in preclinical models. GM-CSF neutralization in diet-induced obese mice significantly reduced immunosuppression, intratumor vascularization, and local and metastatic breast cancer progression.
28089377Ovarian CarcinomaPromote immunityGranulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates immunity via recruitment of antigen presenting cells and tumor specific T-cell stimulation.
24480625MelanomaPromote immunity; Essential for immunotherapyIn aggressive, therapeutic B16 models, the vaccine systems incorporating GM-CSF in combination with P(I:C) or CpG-ODN induced the complete regression of solid tumors (≤40 mm(2)), resulting in 33% long-term survival.
24265099Ovarian CarcinomaPromote immunityGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays an important role in the maturation of specialized antigen-presenting cells. A mouse ovarian cancer cell line, OV2944-HM-1 (HM-1), was intraperitoneally injected, following which HF10 only or the mGM-CSF amplicon was injected intraperitoneally three times. Murine splenic cells after each treatment were stimulated with HM-1 cells, and the strongest immune response was observed in the mice that received mGM-CSF amplicon injections.
22869886Stage 4 NeuroblastomaPromote immunityAnti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown efficacy against neuroblastoma (NB). Retrospective analysis of consecutive trials from a single center demonstrated that MoAb 3F8 + GM-CSF + CRA is effective against chemotherapy-resistant marrow MRD.
22203761NeuroblastomaPromote immunityAdjuvant therapy using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown treatment success for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). GM-CSF-induced granulocyte activation in vivo is associated with improved patient outcome.
29805099Triple-Negative Breast CarcinomaInhibit immunityIn two TNBC mouse models, 4T1 and Py8119, glycolysis restriction inhibits tumor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression and reduces MDSCs. These are accompanied with enhanced T cell immunity, reduced tumor growth and metastasis, and prolonged mouse survival.
23305737Hepatocellular CarcinomaInhibit immunityRegardless of the model, tumors produced interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor but not granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and induced iMC (CD11b(+)Gr-1(int)) that suppressed CTL responses in vitro. Nonetheless, iMC became competent MDSC in vivo following adoptive transfer when exposed to granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
21971567NeuroblastomaPromote immunityThus, the one proven beneficial immunotherapy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma uses a chimeric anti-GD2 mAb combined with IL-2 and GM-CSF to treat patients after they have received intensive cyto-reductive chemotherapy, irradiation, and surgery
21908736Breast CarcinomaPromote immunityIntratumoral delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF induces local and systemic antitumor CD8(+) T cell activation and tumor kill.
21784871Breast CarcinomaPromote immunityFurthermore, we showed that treatment with these NPs resulted in priming of the immune TME, characterized by increased IFN-gamma, p-STAT-1, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-12b and reduced TGF-beta, IL-6, and IL-10 protein expression. In addition, we found significantly increased tumor infiltration by activated CD8(+) T cells, M1 macrophages, and dendritic cells.
16905462Hepatocellular CarcinomaPromote immunityIntravenous JX-594 was well tolerated and had highly significant efficacy, including complete responses, against intrahepatic primary tumors in both models. In addition, whereas lung metastases developed in all control rabbits, none of the i.v. JX-594-treated rabbits developed detectable metastases. Tumor-specific virus replication and gene expression, systemically detectable levels of hGM-CSF, and tumor-infiltrating CTLs were also demonstrated
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content High-throughput screening data (e.g. CRISPR-Cas9, shRNA and RNAi) for T cell-mediated killing. Genetic screen techniques can identify mechanisms of tumor cell resistance (e.g., PTPN2) and sensitivity (e.g., APLNR) to killing by cytotoxic T cells, the central effectors of anti-tumor immunity. After comprehensively searching, eight groups of screening data sets were collected in the current database. In this tab, users can check whether their selected genes cause resistance or increase sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing in various data sets.
> High-throughput Screening
  Statistical results of CSF2 in screening data sets for detecting immune reponses.
PMID Screening System Cancer Type Cell Line Data Set Statistical Results Relation to immunity
29301958CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16F10Pmel-1 T cell NA/NSNA/NS
29301958CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16F10OT-1 T cell NA/NSNA/NS
28783722CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaMel6242CT-CRISPR NA/NSNA/NS
28723893CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16GVAX+Anti-PD1 NA/NSNA/NS
28723893CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16GVAX NA/NSNA/NS
25691366RNAiBreast cancerMCF7Luc-CTL assay NA/NSNA/NS
24476824shRNAmelanomaB16Primary screen NA/NSNA/NS
24476824shRNAmelanomaB16Secondary screen NA/NSNA/NS
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Transcriptomic and genomic profiling of pre-treated tumor biopsies from responders and non-responders to immunotherapy. These data were used to identify signatures and mechanisms of response to checkpoint blockade (e.g., anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1). One example is that mutations in the gene PBRM1 benefit clinical survival of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. After comprehensively searching, we collected 5 and 6 of transcriptomic and genomic data sets, respectively. In this tab, users can check whether their selected genes have significant difference of expression or mutation between responders and non-responders in various data sets.
> Expression difference between responders and non-responders
> Mutation difference between responders and non-responders
> Expression difference between responders and non-responders
 
Points in the above scatter plot represent the expression difference of CSF2 in various data sets.
No PMID Cancer type Group Drug # Res # NRes Log2 (Fold Change) P value Anno
126997480MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)1412-0.0010.997
226997480MelanomaMAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)650.0680.879
326997480Melanomanon-MAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)87-0.0460.914
428552987Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 916-0.90.352
528552987Urothelial cancersmokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 59-2.1120.162
628552987Urothelial cancernon-smokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 470.6590.659
729033130MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 262301
829033130MelanomaNIV3-PROGAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 151101
929033130MelanomaNIV3-NAIVEAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 111201
1029301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)allAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 4801
1129301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 2001
1229301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)non-VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 2801
1329443960Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 68230-0.2340.401
> Mutation difference between responders and non-responders
 
Points in the above scatter plot represent the mutation difference of CSF2 in various data sets.
No PMID Cancer type Group Drug # Res # NRes % Mut/Res % Mut/NRes % Diff (R vs NR) Pval Anno
125765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)allAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 14170001
225765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)smokingAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 1030001
325765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)non-smokingAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 4140001
426359337MelanomaallAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 277301.4-1.41
526359337MelanomaBRAFiAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 0140001
626359337Melanomanon-BRAFiAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 275901.7-1.71
726997480MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)21170001
826997480MelanomaMAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)860001
926997480Melanomanon-MAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)13110001
1028552987Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 9160001
1128552987Urothelial cancersmokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 590001
1228552987Urothelial cancernon-smokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 470001
1329033130MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 382703.7-3.70.415
1429033130MelanomaNIV3-PROGAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 22130001
1529033130MelanomaNIV3-NAIVEAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 161407.1-7.10.467
1629301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)allAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 11130001
1729301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 610001
1829301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)non-VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 5120001
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of CSF2. The immune-related signatures of 28 TIL types from Charoentong's study, which can be viewed in the download page. For each cancer type, the relative abundance of TILs were inferred by using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) based on gene expression profile. In this tab, users can examine which kinds of TILs might be regulated by the current gene.
> Lymphocyte
 
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between three kinds of immunomodulators and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of CSF2. These immunomo-dulators were collected from Charoentong's study. In this tab, users can examine which immunomodulators might be regulated by CSF2.
> Immunoinhibitor
> Immunostimulator
> MHC molecule
> Immunoinhibitor
 
> Immunostimulator
 
> MHC molecule
 
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between chemokines (or receptors) and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of CSF2. In this tab, users can examine which chemokines (or receptors) might be regulated by the current gene.
> Chemokine
> Receptor
> Chemokine
 
> Receptor
 
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Distribution of CSF2 expression across immune and molecular subtypes.
> Immune subtype
> Molecular subtype
> Immune subtype
 
> Molecular subtype
 
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Associations between CSF2 and clinical features.
> Overall survival analysis
> Cancer stage
> Tumor grade
> Overall survival
 
> Stage
 
> Grade
 
Summary
SymbolCSF2
Namecolony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
Aliases GM-CSF; GMCSF; sargramostim; molgramostin; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; granulocyte mac ......
Chromosomal Location5q23-q31
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Drugs targeting CSF2 collected from DrugBank database.
> Drugs from DrugBank database
 

  Details on drugs targeting CSF2.
ID Name Drug Type Targets #Targets
DB05194KB002Small MoleculeCSF2, CSF2RA2